Force Equation
Characteristics of a Force
Classification of Forces
The force equation can be derived by using Newton’s Second Law, which states that the force (F) acting on an object is given by the product of its mass (m) and acceleration (a). F = ma Acceleration is defined as velocity (v) over time (t). F = mv/t SI Unit of Force: Newtons or N (kg.m.s-2) Dimension of Force: [MLT-2]
Defined as the interaction between two objectsChanges the motion (magnitude and direction) of an objectChanges the shape of an objectVector quantity – Resultant force on an object is the vector sum, which gives rise to balanced force and unbalanced force.
Contact Force
A contact force is defined as the force between two objects that are in physical contact. Here are some types of contact force.
1. Normal Force
When an object lies on a surface, the surface exerts an equal and opposite force. The component of this force that is perpendicular to the surface is called the normal force. Example: The force exerted by the table on a book lying on it.
2. Applied Force
The forces applied to an object in order to displace or deform it is called the applied force. Example: The force with which a person pushes a cart.
3. Tension Force
The tension or tension force is a force experienced by a rope, string, or cable pulled from the opposite end. Example: The force experienced by a rope when a person pulls a bucket of water from a well.
4. Friction
The friction force is the force of resistance to an object’s motion. There are two main types of friction force. A. Static Friction Static friction arises when the applied force is such that an object remains stationary relative to the surface. Example: The resistance offered by a stationary box when a person tries to push it. B. Kinetic Friction Kinetic friction arises when the applied force is such that it displaces an object, which then moves relative to the surface. Kinetic friction is of two types. i. Sliding Friction: It is the resistance offered by the surface when the object is sliding Example: The resistance force offered by the floor when a person pushes a box over it. ii. Rolling Friction: It is the resistance offered by the surface when the object is rolling Example: The resistance offered by the floor when a person pushes a cart over it. There is another type of friction called fluid friction. It is the resistance to an object’s motion in a fluid. Example: A person swimming in the water.
5. Air Resistance
The force of resistance offered by air to an object moving through it is called air resistance. Example: The resistance offered by air when a ball falls through it.
6. Spring Force
The force exerted by a spring when compressed or extended is called spring force. Example: The force used to measure weight with a weighing scale.
7. Buoyant Force
When an object is immersed in a fluid, wholly or partially, the fluid exerts an upward force opposite its weight. This phenomenon is known as buoyancy, and the upward thrust is known as the buoyant force. Example: Boat sailing on the river.
8. Drag Force
When an object moves through a fluid, like air or water, it experiences a drag force, also known as drag resistance. Example: A car driving on a highway.
Non-contact Force
A non-contact force is defined as the force between two objects that are not in physical contact. It is also called a field force. Here are the different types of non-contact forces.
1. Gravitational Force and Gravity
The force of attraction between astronomical objects is called the gravitational force. The force of attraction between the Earth and any other object on its surface is called gravity. The force due to gravity can be measured using a spring balance. Example: (Gravitational Force) The force of attraction between the Sun and the Earth. (Gravity) The force experienced by a person standing on the surface of the Earth.
2. Electrostatic Force
The electrostatic force is the force of attraction or repulsion between two charged particles. It is also called Coulomb’s force or Coulomb’s interaction. Example: The force with which electrons are held together by the nucleus.
3. Magnetic Force
The force experienced by an object in the presence of a magnet is called magnetic force. Example: The force of attraction between a bar magnet and an iron nail.
