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Characteristics of Laminar flow Laminar Flow Velocity Profile Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow Transition Regime Applications In many fluid dynamics problems, it is a challenging task to determine the instantaneous velocities at different points on the same cross-section. Therefore, an average value is used in fluid flow equations. This average value of the velocity is obtained by applying integral calculus. Laminar flow occurs at low velocity and high viscosity. It is prominent when the diameter of the pipe is small....

An object possessing mechanical energy can do work by applying force. The change in mechanical energy is the work done. For example, when a bow is pulled, it stores energy. When released, the bow uses its stored energy and pushes the arrow to its trajectory. Thus, the bow works on the arrow at the expense of its mechanical energy. A bowling ball rolls on the alley and has mechanical energy....

Radiometry is important because it provides quantitative information about light and its interaction with matter. By accurately measuring these radiometric quantities, scientists can understand the physical characteristics and behaviors of light in different environments. Radiometric Quantities Applications

Examples of Saprophytes Characteristics of Saprophytes Nutrition in Saprophytes Ecological Significance of Saprophytes Have a range of adaptations that enable them to thrive in their specific environmentDo not possess chlorophyll for photosynthesis and thus cannot prepare their foodAbsorb environmental nutrients through specialized structures, such as fungal hyphae or bacterial cell wallsSpecialize in breaking down dead organic matter with the help of enzymes and then absorbing the resulting breakdown productsProduce spores and filamentsCan thrive in diverse habitats, ranging from forests and grasslands to aquatic ecosystems, and can adapt to decaying organic matter, such as fallen leaves, dead animals, or decaying plant material....

What are Sedimentary Rocks Made of Where are they Found How are Sedimentary Rocks Formed Types Sedimentary Rocks Examples What are the Uses of Sedimentary Rock and Why are they Important Fun Facts for Kids Weathering: Involves breaking of more giant rocks into smaller ones due to wind and water. Weathering can transform boulders and even mountains into sediments such as sand and mud. Dissolution is a chemical weathering process where partially acidic water wears away solid rocks....

Earth’s crust is broken into 17 major tectonic plates, which float on its mantle (the layer beneath the earth’s surface). Since these plates are always converging or diverging, sometimes they collide or pull apart, and volcanoes may erupt in these active zones. During a volcanic eruption, molten rock or lava come out through vents in Earth’s crust. When the lava is beneath the earth’s surface, it is called magma. Mount St....

Charles Darwin first proposed this type of natural selection in ‘On the Origin of Species’ after observing the beak length of the Galapagos finches. Directional Selection Graph In a statistical analysis, directional selection shows a population bell curve that shifts towards the extreme left or right. However, unlike stabilizing selection, the graph’s height does not change. Also, there are fewer average individuals in the population. Examples of Directional Selection How is Directional Selection Related to Evolution Directional Selection vs....

Climate scientists have recently spoken about how humans have dramatically changed the Earth’s environment over the past two centuries, increasing its average temperature. What is the Greenhouse Effect and Why is it Important Which Gases Contribute to the Greenhouse Effect What Causes the Greenhouse Effect How does the Greenhouse Effect Work Consequences of Greenhouse Effect What is the Runaway Greenhouse Effect Is the Greenhouse Effect Good or Bad The existence of greenhouse gases was first proposed by French mathematician and physicist Joseph Fourier in 1824....

This principle was formulated by the German physicist and Nobel laureate Werner Heisenberg in 1927. Significance Example Formula Solved Problems The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle has profound implications for quantum mechanics and our understanding of the quantum world. It introduces a level of inherent randomness and unpredictability into the behavior of particles. This uncertainty is not due to limitations in technology but reflects the fundamental nature of particles at the quantum scale....

The kinetic theory is a physical model to study the microscopic behavior of particles and their interactions. It can explain the macroscopic properties of gases, such as pressure, volume, and temperature (heat), and transport properties like thermal conductivity, viscosity, diffusivity, and Brownian motion. The consequence of the kinetic theory is that it helps to understand the correlation between the macroscopic properties and the microscopic phenomenon. Several scientists developed the kinetic theory....

In addition to the xylem and phloem, vascular tissues called cambium are present between them that create new vascular tissues as plants grow. There are open vascular bundles when a vascular cambium layer (in dicots) is present. Those devoid of it (in monocots) are closed vascular bundles. Thus, vascular bundles typically represent the organization of xylem and phloem and their association with other accessory transporting tissues. The vascular bundle arrangement differs in monocot and dicot plants....

What is Bilateral Symmetry Examples of Bilateral Symmetry Evolution of Bilateral Symmetry Characteristics of Animals Advantages of Bilateral Symmetry However, the internal body parts such as organs may not be symmetric. Higher organisms, like plants and animals, and lower invertebrates and microorganisms, like fungi and bacteria, all exhibit bilateral symmetry. The term ‘bilateral’ is obtained from Latin ‘bis’ meaning ‘two’ and ‘latus’ meaning side. However, the word ‘symmetry’ came from Greek ‘syn’ means ‘together’ and ‘metron’ means ‘meter’....

Similar to plasmodesmata in plant cells, gap junctions allow the passing of ions, small molecules, and electrical signals between two or more animal cells, facilitating communication between them. Where are Gap Junctions Found Structure of Gap Junctions Assembly of Gap Junctions Functions of Gap Junctions Regulation of Gap Junction Functions Turnover and Degradation of Gap Junctions Gap Junctions and Disorders In the nervous system, gap junctions are found in regions like the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves....

The normal force balances the weight of the object. However, if other forces act on the body to displace it, friction comes into play. According to the laws of friction, the frictional force is proportional to the normal force. Examples of Normal Force Characteristics of Normal Force How to Calculate Normal Force A table on a book lying on top of it A wedge on a block lying on its inclined surfaceEarth upon usHuman hand while holding an objectA nail on a hammer during hammering...

Photorespiration, also known as oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle or C2 photosynthesis, is a process found in normal C3 plant respiration. Here, the enzyme RuBisCO uses O2 as a substrate instead of CO2. This alternative pathway leads to the loss of fixed carbon, wastes energy, and decreases sugar synthesis. Factors Affecting Photorespiration Mechanism: What Happens During Photorespiration Why Is Photorespiration Bad for Plants Why Does Photorespiration Occur Adaptations in Plants to Minimize Photorespiration Photorespiration vs....

American scientist Joseph Henry discovered inductance in 1831. Self-Inductance Equation Uses and Applications Problems and Solutions The above equation states that the induced emf is proportional to the number of turns and the rate of change of flux. It means that if the number of turns increases or the frequency of flux increases, the induced emf also increases. It is easier to measure the current than flux in a closed circuit....

Although the pendulum has a long history, Italian scientist Galileo Galilei was the first to study the properties of pendulums, beginning around 1602. Time Period (T): Time taken by the pendulum to finish one full oscillation Linear Displacement (x): Distance traveled by the pendulum bob from the equilibrium position to one side. Angular Displacement (θ): The angle described by the pendulum with an imaginary axis at the equilibrium position is called the angular displacement....

[v_{T} = \sqrt{\frac{2mg}{C\rho_{air} A}} ] For a penny, we have the following information: m = 2.5 g = 0.0025 kg ρair = 1.29 kg/m3 C = 1.12 Diameter = 2 cm or A = 0.000314 m2 g = 9.81 m/s2 Plugging in all the values, we get. While this appears high, a penny is so light that it cannot do much harm at this speed. For a penny to create a lethal effect, it needs to plummet in an airless environment....

What is Unbalanced Force Examples of Unbalanced Force Unbalanced Force Equation What happens when an unbalanced force acts on an object? Here are some facts and characteristics of the unbalanced force. When an unbalanced force acts on an object, the following can happen: Causes change in an object’s motion: A stationary object moves with acceleration. A moving object changes its direction or speed or comes to a stop. The motion obeys Newton’s law....

How is Active Transport Different from Passive Transport Similarities between Active and Passive Transport