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They are found covering the younger parts of a plant, including leaves, roots, stems, flowers, fruits, and seeds. As the parts become woody, the dermal tissue is replaced by a multilayered periderm or cork. The epidermis and the periderm together make up the dermal tissue system. Components of Dermal Tissue in Plants with Functions Similar to our skin, dermal tissue acts as plants’ first line of defense. It protects plants from external injuries and attacks from parasites such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi....

What Are the Different Types of Planets 1. Primary Planets 2. Dwarf Planets 3. Hypothetical Planets Primary planets are further classified into terrestrial, gas giants, and ice giants. a) Terrestrial planets These planets are also referred to as ‘telluric planets’ or ‘rocky planets’ as they are composed of rocks and metals. They consist of a metallic core, primarily iron with a rocky crust. Craters, canyons, volcanoes, and mountains can also be found on these planets....

How are Magnetic and Electric Fields Similar Difference Between Electric and Magnetic Field Electric and magnetic fields are vector quantities represented by invisible lines drawn around objects generating them.

Structure and Composition Operation Advantages Applications Unique Gate Structure What makes the IGBT different from other transistors is the addition of a gate structure, like in a MOSFET, on top of the drift region. This gate is separated from the drift region by a thin insulating layer, usually silicon dioxide (SiO2), allowing precise control over the device. The gate structure has a metal electrode separated from the drift region by the insulating layer....

Explanation of the Three Laws Also known as the Law of Ellipses, Kepler concluded that all solar system planets have elliptical orbits. The Sun’s center is at one of the foci. When a planet revolves around the Sun, its distance from the Sun constantly changes. The point of the closest approach to the Sun is the perihelion, and the furthest point is the aphelion. Kepler’s first law is used to study the trajectories of planets, asteroids, and comets by applying the ellipse equations....

They include two distinctly related groups: Bryophytes and green algae. They typically appear as small, green mats of vegetation found in damp marshy areas. Despite the prevalence of vascular plants, more than 17,000 species of bryophytes exist on Earth that including mosses, hornworts, and liverworts. Non-vascular plants were the first plants to evolve. Their small size and lack of vascular tissue systems explain their primitive existence. The first non-vascular plants to evolve were found to be the liverworts....

What is Photochemical Smog Components of Photochemical Smog What Causes Photochemical Smog and What are the Conditions How is Photochemical Smog Formed Why is Photochemical Smog Bad: Its Harmful Effects How to Prevent or Reduce Photochemical Smog It is characteristic of urban areas and is thus commonly found in densely populated cities such as Los Angeles, Sydney, Mexico, New Delhi, and Beijing, among many others. It is also sometimes referred to as ‘Los Angeles Smog....

Energy and Carbon Source How Photoheterotrophs Generate Energy Photoheterotroph vs Photoautotroph They are microorganisms that cannot make their food like any autotrophs. Some common examples are purple non-sulfur bacteria and green non-sulfur bacteria. Humans also exhibit this type of nutrition. 1. Using Bacteriorhodopsin It is a chlorophyll-based mechanism similar to photosynthesis. The light activates the molecules of the pigment bacteriorhodopsin resulting in the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain....

Plants flower and produce fruits only during a particular season and a specific time of the year. On the other hand, some plants grow only at higher altitudes. Every plant needs a particular duration of light to flower and form fruits that vary from one season to another. While they get a more extended period of sunlight during the summer season, the length of daylight decreases significantly during winter. The phenomenon of photoperiodism was first discovered by W....

Symbol Characteristics How Does A Zener Diode Work Avalanche Breakdown vs. Zener Breakdown Applications Zener Voltage: The most notable feature of a Zener diode is its ability to maintain a constant voltage across its terminals, even when its current varies. This voltage is known as the Zener voltage or breakdown voltage, denoted as Vz. Zener diodes are specifically designed to operate in the reverse bias region, where the breakdown occurs. Zener Current: Zener diodes can handle a specific amount of current known as the Zener current (Iz)....

Examples of Autotrophs All green plants are autotrophs, from the tiniest mosses to giant pine trees. Other examples include algae, phytoplankton living in water bodies, and some types of bacteria. Thus, autotrophs include eukaryotes with membrane-bound organelles and prokaryotes, with a single cell devoid of membrane-bound organelles. How do Autotrophs Obtain Energy Autotrophs in the Food Chain Types of Autotrophs Autotroph vs. Phototroph During the process, plants absorb sunlight with the help of chlorophyll, which provides energy to convert water from soil and carbon dioxide from the air to form glucose and oxygen....

What Causes Diffusion and What Happens During the Process Basic Characteristics of Diffusion What Factors Affect Diffusion What are the Different Types of Diffusion If Fick’s laws can describe a diffusion process, it is called a normal or Fickian diffusion, otherwise, it is named as anomalous or non-Fickian diffusion. Examples of Diffusion b) Respiration – The balance between oxygen and carbon dioxide within the cell is maintained by removing the excess carbon dioxide from the blood c) Excretion – Waste products are eliminated from the body d) Cellular Transport – Essential ions, small molecules, food, water, and minerals are taken up inside the cell...

Electric Field Lines and Direction Electric Field Flux Electric Field Equation Superposition of Electric Fields Types of Electric Field Work Done by an Electric Field Examples and Problems If the electric field and area vector makes an angle θ, then the equation is given by Magnitude of Electric Field The corresponding scalar equation gives the magnitude formula. Where, E: Electric field F: Electric force q: Electric charge SI Unit: Volt/meter (V/m) or Newtons/Coulomb (N/C) Dimensional Formula: [M L T-3 I-1]...

They state that ‘the rate of diffusion is directly proportional to both the surface area and concentration difference and is inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane’. A diffusion process that obeys Fick’s laws is called normal or Fickian diffusion; otherwise, it is called anomalous diffusion or non-Fickian diffusion. Thus, Fick’s laws can be mathematically written as: Rate of Diffusion ∝ Surface area x Concentration gradient/Thickness of membrane This means that the diffusion rate gets double if the surface area or concentration gradient is doubled, and the thickness of the membrane is halved....

It describes the structure of the cell (plasma) membrane as a mosaic of components – proteins, phospholipids, carbohydrates, and cholesterol giving the membrane a fluid character. However, the proportion of the components varies with cell type. For example, the inner mitochondrial membrane contains 76% protein and 24% lipid, while myelin has 18% protein and 76% lipid in its membrane. Fluid Mosaic Model and Cell Membrane What does Fluid Mosaic Model Do The model describes the structure of the cell membrane as a mosaic of these components having a thickness of 5-10 nm....

Global winds are winds that develop in belts distributed all around the world. Like local winds, the leading cause of global winds is unequal heating of the atmosphere, causing a difference in air pressure. What Causes Global Wind Patterns What Factors Contribute to Global Winds What are Global Wind Belts How Do Global Winds Affect Climate Jet Streams and Global Wind Belts Almost 30° north and 30° south of the Equator, this air cools and descends to create high-pressure zones called Subtropical High-Pressure Zones....

Prokaryotes are primitive organisms lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The term ‘prokaryote’ is derived from the Greek words ‘pro’, meaning ‘before’ and ‘karyon’, meaning ‘kernel’. Together it means ‘before nuclei’. In contrast, eukaryotes are advanced organisms with a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The term ‘eukaryotes’ is derived from the Greek words ‘eu’, meaning ‘good’ and ‘karyon’, meaning ‘kernel’, meaning ‘true nuclei’. The eukaryotes are thought to have originated from the prokaryotes about 2....

Reynolds number is named after British physicists Osborne Reynolds, who popularized its use in 1883. Equation Critical Reynolds Number Example Problems and Solutions Where ρ is the density of the fluid V is the velocity of the flow L is the characterizing length in the flow system (usually the diameter of the pipe) μ is the viscosity of the fluid The number helps to categorize laminar flow from turbulent flow of any fluid like air or water....

Brownian motion is named after Scottish botanist Robert Brown, who first described the phenomenon in 1827. However, it was not until 1905 that Albert Einstein explained the theory in his publication on pollen movement in a liquid assisted by the liquid molecules. In 1908, French physicist Jean Perrin experimentally verified Einstein’s hypothesis, leading to the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics. Examples Characteristics of Brownian Motion

Chemical energy can be converted into other forms, like thermal and mechanical energy. Living beings need chemical energy to survive. Chemical energy sources are coal, petroleum, natural gas, biomass, and food. Examples How to Calculate Chemical Energy C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) → 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g) + energy Biofuels are alternatives to fossil fuels and use energy from living or recently living organisms. They store usable chemical energy and are renewable resources....