Surfaces are not perfectly smooth. They consist of bumps and irregularities. When two surfaces come in contact, these bumps adhere and interlock, making it difficult for the surfaces to move. Because of this resistance towards motion, friction is considered as a force. The frictional force is non-conservative. When an object moves from one position to another against friction, energy is not conserved as some of it is lost through heat....
A half wave rectifier differs from a full wave rectifier in that the latter rectifies the AC signal during both halves of the AC input signal. Working Principle Half Wave Rectifier Circuit with Capacitor Performance Metrics Positive Half-Cycle: During the positive half-cycle of the input AC voltage, the diode becomes forward-biased, allowing current to flow through the load resistor. This current passes through the load resistor, producing a voltage across it....
For example, the Earth moves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit. Hence, it is also known as the Law of Ellipses. The point at which a planet is closest to the Sun is called perihelion, and the point at which it is farthest is called aphelion. Let us try to understand what an ellipse is. An ellipse is a closed curve in two dimensions that looks like a stretched-out circle....
What is the Sun Made of How Many Layers Does the Sun Have, and What are They Called Inner Layers Outer layers Inner Layers Core Radiative Zone Convection Zone Outer Layers Photosphere Chromosphere Transition Region Corona 1. Core Temperature: 15,000,000 Kelvin Density: 150,000 g/cm3 (150 times as dense as water) It is the innermost layer of the sun, which is extremely dense where nuclear fusion generates energy in terms of photons by converting hydrogen into helium....
How to Calculate Moment of Inertia Moment of Inertia Table Moment of Inertia and Rotational Kinematics Factors Affecting Moment of Inertia For a point mass (single body), the moment of inertia formula is given by the product of mass and the square of the object’s perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation. Where I is the moment of inertia m is the mass r is the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation System of Particles Suppose n particles of masses m1, m2, …, mn rotate about a common axis at perpendicular distances r1, r2, …, rn from the axis....
The induced emf will cause a current to flow in the second coil. Lenz’s law determines the direction of the induced current. This direction is such that it will oppose the change of current in the first coil. Now, suppose both the coils carry current. Then, emf will be induced in each coil due to changing current in the other. Hence, mutual inductance can also be defined as the property that describes the effect on one coil’s magnetic field with another coil’s magnetic field....
RNAPs not only transcribe DNA but are also responsible for proofreading the newly synthesized RNA strand and taking part in the recognition of the transcription start and termination sites. American biochemist Roger D. Kornberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2006 for demonstrating the images of the enzyme during the various stages of transcription. Types and Structure of RNA Polymerases How RNA Polymerase Works What is the Function of RNA Polymerase RNA Polymerase vs....
The tundra biome is the coldest among all biomes on Earth. They are distributed in North America, Europe, Asia, and coastal Antarctica. The tundra is a frozen desert; thus, the diversity of living organisms is relatively low. However, the plants and animals that thrive in such conditions display specific adaptations of their bodies, diets, and survival methods. There are three types of tundra biome found throughout the world: As the predator-prey relationship is complex, the tundra food chain looks more like a food web than a food chain....
Wheatstone bridge was invented by Samuel Hunter Christie in 1833 and later popularized by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1843, hence its name. Construction and Principle Formula Applications Wheatstone Bridge Strain Gauge The fundamental principle behind the operation of a Wheatstone bridge is the concept of balance and null deflection. When the resistances in the two branches are perfectly balanced, meaning they have equal ratios or values, no current flows through the galvanometer....
In 1929, German chemist Karl Lohmann discovered ATP. According to Karp, the human body produces more than 2 x 1026 molecules or more than 160 kg of ATP. Structure of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Synthesis of ATP Hydrolysis of ATP Functions of ATP Adenine, a nitrogenous baseFive-carbon ribose sugarA triphosphate chain consisting of three phosphate groups The three phosphate groups are labeled alpha, beta, and gamma from closest to furthest from the ribose sugar....
Compare and Contrast between Angiosperms and Gymnosperms What is the Difference Between Angiosperms and Gymnosperms What do Angiosperms and Gymnosperms have in Common The key similarities between angiosperms and gymnosperms are given below: Both are seed-bearing vascular land plants.The general life history is similar in both groups.Both contain ovules, a structure that develops into seeds.The presence of pollen tubes helps in the fusion of male and female gametes.The main plant body in both is the diploid sporophyte....
Gene expression is the cell’s way of managing the amount and timing of the products created by our genes. This control is crucial because it allows cells to produce the necessary gene products exactly when needed, allowing cells to adapt to a changing environment, respond to signals, and handle damage and other triggers. An example is the control of insulin gene expression that provides regulation of blood glucose. How Genes are Expressed 1....
According to Newton’s First Law, an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted by force. When force is applied, it does work on the object. Work means the transfer of energy from one form to another. In this case, the form into which energy transforms is kinetic energy. The object attains kinetic energy and moves with a specific velocity. Kinetic Energy Equation Kinetic Energy Examples Types of Kinetic Energy Summary Solved Problems K....
Five different basins comprise the world ocean: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and the Arctic. With an average of 3,700 meters depth, the ocean is divided into several zones. The process of dividing it into layers is called ocean layering. What are the Different Layers of the Ocean Epipelagic Zone (Sunlight Zone) Mesopelagic Zone (Twilight Zone) Bathypelagic Zone (Midnight Zone) Abyssopelagic Zone (The Abyss) Hadalpelagic Zone (The Trenches) 1) Epipelagic Zone (Sunlight Zone) Depth: Surface to 200 meters (660 feet) It is the ocean’s surface layer, covering roughly 5 percent of the ocean’s average depth....
French mathematician Blaise Pascal established this law in 1653 and published it in 1663. Explanation Formula for Pressure Applications Ptop = Po Where, Ptop is the pressure at the top, and Po is the atmospheric pressure. The pressure at the bottom of the container is equal to the pressure at the top plus the water column’s height. Pbottom = Ptop + hρg Where, Pbottom is the pressure at the bottom, h is the height of the air column, ρ is the density, and g is the acceleration due to gravity....
History Mathematical Formulations Reduced Planck’s Constant Planck’s Constant Value Applications Planck Constant and the Photoelectric Effect On the basis of his work on this, Planck formulated a law, known as Planck’s radiation law that describes the spectral energy distribution of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body at a definite temperature. Planck also determined the value of the Boltzmann constant from this derivation. E=hʋ —(i) This is an extremely small amount of energy....
Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms having a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles within their cells. Despite their small size, they are incredibly diverse and exist in various aquatic and terrestrial environments worldwide. More than 50,000 species are known, most of which are free-living organisms. Some common examples of protozoa are Amoeba proteus, Paramecium caudatum, Euglena gracilis, Plasmodium falciparum, and Trypanosoma brucei. Classification of Protozoa Characteristics of Protozoa Diseases Caused by Protozoa Bacteria vs....
Radial symmetry is the arrangement of body parts around a central axis. It is similar to the sun’s rays or a sliced pie. Radially symmetrical organisms have a top and a bottom surface. However, they do not have left or right sides and separate front or rear portions. In contrast, bilateral symmetry is a body arrangement that divides the organism into two halves through a sagittal plane. The two halves, left and right, are mirror images....
Given is the generic form of transamination reaction. During transamination, the amino group is usually transferred to the keto carbon of pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or α-ketoglutarate, converting the α-keto acid to alanine, aspartate, or glutamate. It is accomplished by enzymes known as transaminases or aminotransferases, having pyridoxal phosphate as a coenzyme (a derivative of vitamin B6). An aminotransferase may be specific to an amino acid or particular to any member of a group of similar amino acids....
As they consist of cell adhesion molecules, they hold cells together. Cell junctions also enable cellular communication, provide tissue structure, and transport material between cells. What are the Different Types of Cell Junctions In Plants Plasmodesmata In Animals Three major types of junctions are unique to animals. They are: Tight Junctions (Occluding Junctions or Zonula Occludens)Gap Junctions (Septate Junction)Anchoring Junctions In addition to all the above-mentioned intercellular junctions, the extracellular matrix in animal cells also helps in cell adhesion and communication through conformational changes....
