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A perfectly inelastic collision, also known as a completely inelastic collision, loses the maximum amount of kinetic energy. In such a situation, objects stick together after the collision. For example, when a ball made out of mud is thrown at a wall, it sticks to it. In an inelastic collision, momentum is conserved. It means that the total momentum before the collision is the same as after. Characteristics and Properties Examples Equations Elastic and Inelastic Collisions Problems and Solutions Total momentum remains the same before and after the collisionTotal kinetic energy does not remain the same before and after collisionKinetic energy is lost due to dissipative factors like sound, friction, and heatObjects may deform or dent or even stick together...

Photosynthesis occurs in two phases: 1) in the presence of light, called light-dependent reaction, and 2) in the absence of light, called light-independent reaction or dark reaction, also known as the Calvin cycle. The light energy is trapped by a pigment in the chloroplast and converted into chemical energy. During this process, usable molecules like ATP and NADPH are generated as energy-carriers. The pigment is called chlorophyll and comes in two forms – chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b....

Miller-Urey Experiment And The Primordial Soup Theory Miller-Urey Experiment Apparatus and Procedure Miller-Urey Experiment Animation Chemistry Of The Miller And Urey Experiment The Miller-Urey Experiment In Support Of Abiogenesis From what was explained in the previous paragraph, it can undoubtedly be considered as a classic experiment to demonstrate abiogenesis. For those who are not conversant with the term, abiogenesis is the process responsible for the development of living beings from non-living or abiotic matter....

Over a long period, phosphates found in the sedimentary rocks as PO43-, are leached out of the disintegrated rocks from its various environmental sources in the form of inorganic phosphate ions. This process called weathering acts as the first key step of the phosphorus cycle. Other than weathering, volcanic ash, aerosols, and mineral dust also serve as other significant phosphate sources. 2) Mineralization by plants Plants absorb organic phosphorus present in soil and underground water and convert them to inorganic forms for utilization is called mineralization....

In 1880, Darwin and his son Frances in their experiment described the bending of grass seedlings in the presence of light. They used newly grown plants with their shoot tips covered by a sheath called the coleoptile. Through this experiment, they found that coleoptile-covered plants did not respond to the light stimulus. In separate research involving plants where either the tip or the lower part of the coleoptile is covered, they concluded that the upper part is only capable of sensing the light response....

Parts of a Screw How Does a Screw Work Mechanical Advantage of a Screw Types of Screw Examples of Screw Applications and Uses of a Screw Mechanical Advantage = Output force/ Input force Since the applied force is multiplied, the output force is greater than the input force. Hence, the mechanical advantage is greater than one. The mechanical advantage of a screw depends upon the pitch. A narrower pitch requires lesser effort to drive a screw than a wider pitch....

The static friction force always occurs at the contact region between the object and the surface. Essentially, it takes place between two surfaces in contact. When the applied force is large enough to move the object, the static friction disappears, and kinetic friction comes into action. Static Friction Examples Characteristics of Static Friction Laws of Static Friction How to Calculate Static Friction Limiting Friction How to Reduce Static Friction Advantages and Disadvantages of Static Friction Applications of Static Friction Difference between Static and Kinetic Friction A book lying on a table...

What is a Compound Leaf Types of Compound Leaves Compound Leaf Identification Examples: Neem, clover, rose, hickory, walnut, pecan, ash. Pinnately Compound In this type of compound leaves, the leaflets arise symmetrically from either side of the central leaf stalk. These leaves get their name from the Latin word ‘pinna’ meaning ‘feather’, or ‘wing’, as here the leaflets look like they are pinned to the midrib of the leaf, resembling a feather....

Examples of Drag Force Drag Force Equation Application of Drag Force Lift and Drag Force Drag Forces and Friction A car driving on a highwayA ship sailing in the oceanA skydiver falling through the sky experiences drag after opening the parachute.A swimmer swimming in a poolA racing car speeding through a circuitAn airplane flying through the air Where, C is the drag coefficient, which is dimensionless with values depending upon the shape of the object....

The positions of amino acids in a membrane protein are based on their polarity: Non-polar (hydrophobic) amino acids associated with the lipid bilayerPolar (hydrophilic) amino acids are found internally and face aqueous solutions Types of Membrane Proteins with Structure What are the Functions of Membrane Proteins 1. Integral Membrane Proteins Integral membrane proteins, intrinsic proteins, or transmembrane proteins, are permanently embedded within the plasma membrane. They contain residues with hydrophobic side chains that penetrate the phospholipid bilayer, thus anchoring the protein to the membrane....

In the RO system, external pressure is applied to overcome the normal osmotic pressure of the solution that allows separation of pure water from their impurities. The impurities are removed based on the size and charge of the particle. Thus in RO, the solvent moves from the region of low to high solute concentration in the solution. All dissolved and suspended impurities such as salt particles, colloids as well as bacteria and pyrogens are eliminated from drinking waterSalts and excess minerals are removed from seawater (desalination) to make it fit for use in agriculture and drinking purposesKeeps the environment clean because of its eco-friendly nature...

Understanding rotational kinetic energy allows us to analyze spinning tops, rotating wheels, and celestial bodies like planets. It also has practical applications in engineering fields like mechanics and robotics. Formula Examples Applications Solved Problems How fast the object is spinningHow much mass the spinning object hasWhere the mass is located compared to the spin The formula for rotational kinetic energy is given by: KErot = ½ Iω2 where KErot is the rotational kinetic energy I is the moment of inertia ω is the angular velocity This formula shows that the rotational kinetic energy is directly proportional to the square of the angular velocity and the object’s moment of inertia....

During pollination, the pollen grains first fall on the stigma, where they get germinated. Next, the secretions from stigma direct the pollen to grow a tube through the style called a pollen tube, which eventually leads to the ovary. Function

The discovery of superconductivity in 1911 by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes was a groundbreaking development in condensed matter physics. Characteristics of Superconductors Understanding Superconductivity Applications of Superconductivity Critical Magnetic Field (HC) Superconductors can expel magnetic fields up to a certain strength. The critical magnetic field is the maximum magnetic field strength that a superconductor can withstand while maintaining its superconducting state. If the external magnetic field exceeds this critical value, the material will revert to a normal state with non-zero electrical resistance....

Examples Characteristics Turbulent Flow and Reynolds Number Turbulent Flow and Friction Factor Applications Swirling water currents in rivers Gusts of wind during stormsRise of cigarette smokeBlood flow in arteriesOil transport in pipelines These natural phenomena demonstrate how turbulence affects our surroundings and influences various processes. Understanding turbulent flow is crucial in various fields, including engineering, physics, and even biology. Another essential characteristic is energy dissipation across various scales – from large-scale eddies to smaller dissipative structures....

Location of Vascular Tissue Where Does It Come From Types and Functions of Vascular Tissue Why is Vascular Tissue Important Not all plants have vascular tissue. Plants such as algae and bryophytes such as mosses, liverworts, and hornworts get water and minerals from their environment by simple diffusion. Thus, they are devoid of vascular tissue. In contrast, gymnosperms (mostly land plants) and ferns require vascular tissue to conduct water and minerals from the soil to all plant parts....

An action potential is a sudden rise and fall in membrane voltage or potential of a neuron in response to a stimulus. It is a temporary shift in the neuron’s resting membrane potential when it sends information down the axon away from the cell body. Only neurons, muscles, and some endocrine cells can generate an action potential, a property called excitability. For example, when we smell the odor of deodorant, the olfactory neurons in the nose fire action potentials....

Like other food chains, the different trophic levels of an arctic food chain are producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and apex predators. Here, we will explore the arctic food chains of the ocean and the grassland. While the terrestrial food chain is quite diverse, the oceans remain frozen with ice. Despite these challenges, oceans also inhabit various small and large aquatic organisms. Ocean Arctic Food Chain Terrestrial Arctic Food Chain Arctic Tundra Food Chain The tertiary consumers, such as leopard seals, feed on the secondary consumers....

English physicist Michael Faraday first developed the concept of electric field lines in the 1830s. Properties and Characteristics of Electric Field Lines How to Draw Electric Field Lines For a Single Charge For a single isolated charge, the lines are drawn differently for positive and negative charges, as shown in Figure 1. They are drawn such that they come out of a positive charge and terminate at infinity. On the other hand, the lines start from infinity and terminate at a negative charge....

The laws of electrostatics were discovered by French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb in 1785 and are known as Coulomb’s law. Properties of Electrostatic Force Examples of Electrostatic Force in Daily Life Applications of Electrostatic Force Difference between Electrostatic and Gravitational Forces Electrostatic Force Problems and Solutions Directly proportional to the product of the magnitude of the chargesInversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two charges...