1. Organism 2. Population 3. Community 4. Ecosystem 5. Biosphere Single human beings, a plant of any species, or an animal are individuals in an ecosystem. Populations can vary in size. For example, the total human population in the United States is different from that of India. Again, the population of palm trees in the Indian Ocean differs from that in the Pacific. Various factors determine the characteristics of a community....
Luminance is crucial in designing cellphone screens, making them easy to see and use. Because their luminance differs, some screens look sharper and more vivid than others. Formula Unit Examples Applications Is Luminance the Same as Brightness Where: -dφ represents the luminous flux in lumens (lm) -dA is the differential area in square meters (m²) -dω is the differential solid angle in steradians (sr) -θ stands for the angle between the normal to the surface and the line of sight CGS System: A lesser-known unit is stilb....
They are significantly smaller in size than planets, with a diameter ranging between 750 meters (2,460 feet) to about 20 kilometers (12 miles). Comets are visible in the night sky only when they are close to the Sun. Among the most stunning objects in the sky, they appear bright with an ever-changing display for many months when moving in their orbits. They are of great interest to scientists being primitive bodies that originated from the solar system’s formation....
It is a class of endocytosis where specific living cells ingest or engulf other cells or particles of size greater than 0.5 μm, forming a vesicular structure. The cell that performs phagocytosis is called a phagocyte, and the vesicular structure is called a phagosome. Canadian physician William Osler first observed this phenomenon in 1876. It was later studied and named by Russian microbiologist Élie Metchnikoff (1880, 1883). In 1908, he received Nobel Prize for the same....
How are Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Related Compare and Contrast between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Summary The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration can be best understood using the chemical equations given below: Equations Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 12H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (energy) Thus, photosynthesis is just the opposite process of cellular respiration, and they work in a circle....
Location of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure of SER Functionsof SER Diseases Caused by Dysfunctional SER The interior of the smooth ER is called the lumen, enclosed by a phospholipid membrane similar to the cell membrane enclosing the entire cell. Unlike RER, it lacks ribosomes on its outer membrane, thus named ‘smooth’. These purposes of SER in a cell are described below in detail: 1. Lipid Synthesis SER is the primary site for lipid synthesis, where SER makes close contact with other cell organelles....
Principle Steps of Bacterial Conjugation Types of Bacterial Conjugation Examples of Bacterial Conjugation Bacterial conjugation was first described by Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum in 1946 in bacteria Escherichia coli. The four basic steps of bacterial conjugation are given below: Pilus Formation: This is the first step of conjugation. The F+ donor cell produces the sex pilus that extends and begins contact with an F– recipient cell. Establishing Direct Contact between Donor and Recipient: TheF+ cell and the F– cell physically connect, forming a conjugation tube....
Later in 1925, some scientists put forward another theory, regarding the position of electrons in an atom, named the electron cloud model. What Is An Electron Cloud? Around 1925, Erwin Schrödinger and Werner Heisenberg were trying to find a way to properly describe the uncertainty of the position of electrons in an atom. They developed an equation that can determine where an electron is most likely to be. Based on the calculations, they identified the probable regions around the nucleus, where there are chances of finding an electron....
Types of Kinetic Friction Laws of Kinetic Friction Kinetic Friction Equation Sliding Friction In this type of friction, the object slides over the surface. Examples A vehicle skidding on the road after applying brakesAn ice skater or a skier coming to a stopA box being pushed on a floorGeneration of heat due to rubbing of hands Rolling Friction In this type of friction, the object rolls over the surface A soccer ball coming to a stop after kicking itA golf ball coming to a stop after rolling over the greenA roller skater coming to a stopA roller coaster slowing down before coming to a stop...
Σ Iin = Σ Iout Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that “in any closed-loop network, the sum of voltage drops around the loop is equal to zero.” This law is known as the conservation of energy. The formula is given by Σ Vtotal = 0 The term node in an electrical circuit generally refers to a connection or junction of two or more current-carrying paths. Also, for current to flow either in or out of a node, a closed-circuit path must exist....
Longitudinal Wave When a longitudinal wave propagates, it compresses and rarifies the medium. The particles in the medium move back and forth along the direction of propagation of the wave. As a result, there are regions with high and low pressures. A few examples of longitudinal waves are the sound wave, ultrasound wave, and seismic P-wave. Waves traveling through the bulk of fluid are longitudinal waves. Transverse Wave Transverse waves can be represented by a sine or cosine function called a wave function....
The Greek mathematician and physicist Archimedes is credited to have invented the pulley in the 3rd century B.C. How Does a Pulley Work Mechanical Advantage of a Pulley Types of Pulley Uses and Applications of Pulley 1. Fixed Pulley Also known as a single pulley, it is the simplest of all pulleys. The pulley is fixed to one spot, and the wheel rotates about its axle. The rope moves over the wheel, pulling the load....
Most of the plants possess this specialized structure. However, root cap is absent in some aquatic and parasitic plants. In such cases, a sac-like structure called the root pocket may form instead. Structure Function Formation A new root cap cell layer is formed via periclinal division of proximal stem cells present in apical meristematic region. Periclinal division involves the division of cells parallel to the plane of division. On the other hand, the oldest cell layer at the outermost position, the peripheral cell, disintegrates....
Different Types of Plants 1) Herbs They are short-sized plants with soft, delicate stems that are green in color. Herbs are typically two to three feet tall. These plants usually have only a few branches or are sometimes devoid of branches. The stem of some herbs develops hard, woody tissue as they grow old. Most herbs are perennials, living for more than two years, while some are annuals that complete their life cycle within a year....
High Viscosity vs. Low Viscosity Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity Formula Factors Affecting Viscosity Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluid Examples High-viscosity fluids include honey, pitch, molten glass, and peanut butter; low-viscosity fluids include air and water. Two fluids having the same dynamic viscosity can have different kinematic viscosities. The reason is that kinematic viscosity depends on the density of the fluid. On the other hand, density is not a factor with dynamic viscosity....
Ampere’s law has been named after French physicist and mathematician André-Marie Ampère. However, it was Scottish mathematical physicist James Clerk Maxwell who derived in 1861 it after performing experiments with current-carrying currents.
Do Diamonds Come from Coal How and Where are Diamonds Formed in Nature ― Accepted Theories How Long Does it Take for a Diamond to Form How Do Natural Colored Diamonds Form Video: How are Diamonds Formed What is a Man-Made Diamond However, coal can turn into a diamond if it undergoes immense pressure and heat, as shown in lab experiments. Theory 1: Forming in the earth’s mantle Diamonds form in earth’s mantle and are carried near the surface by deep-source volcanic eruptions....
IFs are dynamic, motile elements that interact with a range of cellular proteins to function. They are the most stable cytoskeletal component and thus provide mechanical strength to cells and tissues. Where are Intermediate Filaments Found Structure Functions Despite considerable differences in size and amino acids sequence, the various intermediate filament proteins share a typical structural organization. Each IFs monomer consists of a central α-helical rod domain of approximately 310 amino acids, flanked by amino- and carboxy-terminal domains....
For example, when we stand outside in the sun, we feel its warmth due to the Sun’s energy reaching us. To measure how much of this solar energy is hitting a specific area, like a square meter of ground, we use irradiance. Formula Solar Irradiance How to Measure Solar Irradiance To measure irradiance, scientists use instruments called pyranometers or radiometers. These devices are designed to capture and measure the amount of sunlight (or other electromagnetic radiation) falling on a given area Where: – I is the irradiance – P is the power of the electromagnetic radiation hitting the surface – A is the area over which the power is distributed Among its various forms, solar irradiance is a specific type that focuses on sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface....
The laws have been named after English mathematician and physicist Sir Isaac Newton. He published them in 1687. What are the Laws of Motion 1. First Law Statement: “An object at rest remains at rest, and object in motion remains at a constant speed and in a straight line unless acted upon by an unbalanced force”. According to the first law, an object cannot start, stop, or change direction all by itself....
