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The word ‘nucleus’ (plural: nuclei) is derived from the Latin word ‘nucleus‘, meaning ‘kernel’ or ‘seed’. Structure and Characteristics Parts and Their Functions 1) Nuclear Envelope and Nuclear Pores Surrounding the nucleus, the nuclear envelope is made of a phospholipid bilayer, similar to cell membranes, and contains tiny openings called nuclear pores over them. The two membranes are often referred to as the inner and outer nuclear membranes with a fluid-filled region called perinuclear space in between....

History What is a White Dwarf How Are White Dwarfs Formed What Happens if Chandrasekhar Limit is Exceeded Neutron Degeneracy beyond Chandrasekhar Limit The value of the Chandrasekhar Limit was also calculated in 1932 by Lev Davidovich Landau, a Soviet physicist who, however, did not apply it to white dwarfs. However, at their inception, they are very hot and bright. But, having no inherent source of energy, gradually, they become cool by radiating energy....

Direct current refers to the continuous flow of electrons from a region of high electron density to a region of low electron density. In a battery circuit, direct current is due to the constant flow of electrons from the negative terminal to the positive terminal through the circuit. When a direct current flows through a circuit, it encounters various components, such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors, all of which influence its behavior....

It is a relative term and can only be measured by comparing two solutions. Generally, it is compared to the cytosolic fluid (the fluid present inside a cell). Some widely used hypotonic solutions are freshwater, tap water, and normal saline (0.45% NaCl). Why Is It Important In Cells What Happens to a Cell When Placed in a Hypotonic Solution Examples of Hypotonic Solution If the cell interior has a lower solute concentration (hypotonic), it confers that its extracellular medium has a higher concentration of solutes (hypertonic)....

The process begins with selecting a small, healthy piece of plant tissue, often called an explant, grown in a nutrient-rich medium. Steps of Micropropagation Methods of Micropropagation Advantages of Micropropagation Disadvantages of Micropropagation Stage 0: Selection of Explant An explant, the starting material for micropropagation is chosen from a healthy and disease-free plant. It is then thoroughly sterilized to remove potential contaminants like bacteria or fungi. Since this step occurs before the baby plant has germinated, it is marked as stage 0....

They live at all depths of the ocean. Most live closer to the surface due to the presence of food. Some nektons start as planktons, those that cannot swim against the moving water currents but are considered nektons once they gain swimming ability. The word ‘nekton’ is obtained from the Greek word ‘nekhein,’ meaning ‘to swim.’ The German biologist Ernst Haeckel first proposed and used the word’ nekton’ in 1891 to differentiate between the active swimmers in water bodies from the passive ones, the plankton....

Trophic Levels in the Taiga Biome The diagram below shows the interdependence of organisms at the different tropic levels in the taiga biome. Organisms at the different trophic levels of the taiga biome are complexly interdependent. A taiga biome food web shows the feeding relationships and how energy flows between organisms at different trophic levels. Producers: It mainly consists of coniferous trees like spruce, fir, and pine. These trees are well adapted to the cold climate, with needle-like leaves that reduce water loss through transpiration....

What is Denitrification When Does it Occur Where does It Occur Importance of Denitrification NO3− → NO2− → NO → N2O → N2 The different steps of denitrification are carried out by enzymes nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, nitric oxide reductase, and nitrous oxide reductase as shown below: Denitrification proceeds through a combination of the following half-reactions: NO3− + 2 H+ + 2 e−→ NO₂− + H2O (by Nitrate reductase)NO₂− + 2 H+ + e− → NO + H2O (by Nitrite reductase)2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e− → N₂O + H2O (by Nitric oxide reductase)N₂O + 2 H+ + 2 e− → N₂ + H2O (by Nitrous oxide reductase)...

Given below is the structure of an atom, where electrons are moving around the nucleus. This pattern is similar to the way planets in the solar system revolve around the sun. Who Discovered Electron Where are they Found in an Atom Characteristics Charge: They are negatively charged with a charge of -1, which is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton. Mass: Has a mass of 9.1094 x 10-28 g, which is almost 1/2000 times the mass of proton or neutron....

In the terms ‘geotropism’ or ‘gravitropism’, the words ‘geo’ and ‘gravi’ correspond to ‘earth’ and ‘gravitational force’ respectively. The other word ‘tropism’ refers to the ‘tropic movement’, i.e., directional growth of plant parts in response to any external stimulus, such as light, water, touch, chemical, or gravity. Charles Darwin first documented this tropic movement. Its Types Based on whether the plant part moves towards or away from gravity, geotropism can be of two types:...

Gravitational force is non-contact since there is no contact between the objects. It is centripetal since it is directed toward the center of the orbit around which the object moves. It is responsible for keeping the body in orbit. The revolving body feels a tug that is directed away from the center. This tug is called the centrifugal force. The gravitational force is the weakest of all fundamental forces. Many famous scientists have made significant contributions to the field of gravitation....

Igneous rocks are generally formed by the process of cooling and solidification of hot molten magma. When hot, molten magma at 600 to 1,300 °C (1,100 to 2,400 °F) cools and crystallizes at the earth’s surface or inside the crust, they solidify into igneous rock. The magma develops underground, either in the lower crust or the upper mantle, due to the extreme heat and pressure. When magma gushes out to the surface through cracks or volcanoes, it is called lava....

They are usually found in non-photosynthetic tissues such as endosperm, tubers, roots, bulbs, and seeds. They specialize in storing starch, protein, and lipids in plants. Leucoplasts may also perform biosynthetic functions such as synthesizing fatty acids, amino acids, and various other compounds. Structure: What does it Look like Types with Functions Difference between Leucoplast, Chloroplast, and Chromoplast In epidermal cells of roots, hypocotyls, and petals, leucoplasts remain interconnected by extensive networks of stromules (stroma-filled tubules)....

There are two parts to this law. One part predicts the behavior of an object at rest, and the other part predicts when it is moving. According to Newton’s first law, An object at rest cannot move unless there is a force to make it move.An object moving at a constant speed cannot come to a stop or change its speed or direction unless acted by force. The force acting on the object is external and unbalanced....

In 1866, German scientist Ernst Haeckel introduced the term “Protista,” meaning “primordial” or “first of all.” He suggested placing Protista as a third taxonomic kingdom, with Plantae and Animalia consisting of all “primitive forms” of organisms, including bacteria. However, the emergence of better genetic study has led to a clearer understanding of evolutionary relationships among different groups of protists, thus dismissing this classification system. Characteristics of Kingdom Protista Why Are Protists Important As mentioned, protists are eukaryotes....

In the field of electricity, the ionization of a fluid or gas encompassing a charged conductor causes an electrical discharge, better known as a corona discharge. It occurs naturally in systems carrying high voltage, spontaneously. St. Elmo’s Fire History St. Erasmus of Formia had two names. One was St. Elmo and another, St. Erasmo. The name of the said phenomenon has its origin in the first of the two names mentioned above....

Ray Diagram for Convex Mirror Applications of Convex Mirrors

The system is defined as a set of membranes that give rise to a single functional and developmental unit, either directly connected or exchanging material through vesicular transport. Function: What it Does in a Cell Components: Which Organelles are Part of the Endomembrane System Synthesis of proteins and their transportMetabolism and movement of lipidsThe detoxification of poison Here, the membranes are either directly in contact with each other or can communicate through the formation of vesicles....

It was first reported in 1952 by Michael Doudoroff and Nathan Entner in the bacterium Pseudomonas saccharophila. Where is the Entner-Doudoroff Pathway Found Steps of the Entner-Doudoroff Pathway Products of the Entner-Doudoroff Pathway Embden Meyerhof Pathway vs. Entner Doudoroff Pathway Some microorganisms carrying out the ED pathway are Pseudomonas, Azotobacter, Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus fecalis, Zymononas mobilies, and Xanthomonas campestries. These bacteria are aerobes due to the low ATP yield per glucose....

How Does a FET Work Types of FET Advantages BJT vs. FET The key to the FET’s operation is the gate terminal, which is insulated from the channel by a thin layer of oxide. Applying a voltage to the gate creates an electric field that influences the channel’s conductivity. By varying this voltage, one can control the current, allowing for precise control within a circuit. JFET A JFET is characterized by a junction between the gate and the channel, offering simplicity and robustness....