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Hydrosphere clearly distinguishes our planet from others, as almost two-thirds of the Earth is covered with water. However, not all water is available to us. The water below the water table cannot be made available for human use. Further, all available water is not fit for drinking purposes. How is Water Distributed in the Hydrosphere What Makes Up the Hydrosphere Hydrosphere and the Water Cycle Why is the Hydrosphere Important Human Impacts on the Hydrosphere Oceans: It is the largest reservoir of water on Earth....

The stem holding this whole reproductive portion of a plant is called a peduncle. The major axis above the peduncle called rachis bears the flowers or secondary branches. Also, each flower stalk in the inflorescence is referred to as a pedicel. Inflorescence Types Significance of Inflorescence 1) Simple (Single) Inflorescences The simple inflorescence is of two types: racemose inflorescence and cymose inflorescence. a) Racemose Inflorescence It is an indefinite or indeterminate type of inflorescence, showing indefinite growth of the main axis and bears numerous flowers due to the presence of an active growing point....

Examples Rotational Kinematics: Equations for Rotational Motion Solved Problems Children playing on a see-sawOpening a doorTurning a wrenchA pendulum swinging about its pivot point An object rotating about an axis is defined by its angle of rotation, θ. Its analogy is similar to distance in linear motion. It tells us how much the object has spun. It is a time-dependent variable that is convenient to measure. Its unit is degree or radian....

Velocity is a measure of the rate of change of displacement. When an object moves from one position to another, it is said to be displaced. The value of displacement over time gives the velocity. Its direction is along the displacement. On the other hand, acceleration measures the rate of change in velocity. The object may change its speed or direction while keeping the speed constant. In both cases, it experiences acceleration....

Statement: “The amount of light absorbed by a substance is directly proportional to the substance’s concentration and the path length of light.” Equation Derivation Determining the Intensity According to Beer-Lambert Law, we can express this relationship mathematically as: Where: – A represents absorbance – ε (epsilon) is molar absorptivity – c signifies concentration – l denotes path length Absorbance (A) refers to the amount of light absorbed by a sample as it passes through it....

Types of Convection How Does Heat Transfer by Convection Occur Equation Natural convection is due to buoyancy and the buoyant force acting on the fluid. For natural convection to occur, there has to be a temperature difference across the fluid. Examples of natural convection include sea breeze and land breeze. Forced convection occurs when an external agent, like a fan or pump, transports the fluid. The effect is similar to natural convection....

What are the Two Basic Types of Leaves Simple Leaf vs. Compound Leaf Types of Leaves Based on their Shape Types of Leaves Based on the Plants and Trees They are Found in Examples: Maple, oaks, banana, guava, mango, black cherry, black gum and, sweat gum. 2. Compound Leaves A leaf that is composed of multiple leaflets that are attached to the midvein, and having their own stalk. Examples: Neem, rose, clover, desert cotton, poison ivy, horse chestnut and, baobab....

They are universally found in monocotyledonous plants like grasses (wheat, rice, and corn), orchids, and ferns. Most cacti also have a fibrous root system. Some dicotyledonous plants, like tomato plants, also possess fibrous roots during their early growth stages. Due to the larger surface area, the fibrous root system enables those plants to absorb water and minerals more efficiently than taproots. Characteristics of Fibrous Roots Development of Fibrous Roots Functions of Fibrous Roots Once initiated, fibrous roots undergo a series of growth and developmental stages to establish a functional root system....

An example of a heat engine is an automobile engine. Here, the burning fuel is the hot reservoir, and the surrounding is the cold reservoir in which combustion products are exhausted. How Does a Heat Engine Work Heat Engine P-V Diagram Efficiency of Heat Engine Types and Examples of Heat Engine The amount of work extracted from a heat engine depends upon its efficiency. Not all heat engines are 100% efficient, which means that not all heat supplied to the engine is converted into work....

According to the String theory, monopoles always have a finite mass. The magnetic field lines spread out radially in all directions, with no looping back inside as seen in magnetic dipoles. On passing through a superconducting loop, it induces a distinct signal that is equally sensitive at all velocities and masses. History Artificial Monopole Discovery Magnetic Monopole for the Grand Unified Theory Dirac String and Magnetic Monopole Black Holes and Magnetic Monopole Magnetic Monopole Prediction by the Big Bang Theory Magnetic Monopole in Cosmology Magnetic Monopole Concept in Other Physical Laws Uses A handful of them believed that they could be produced in large numbers in photon exchange of particle accelerators and should be detected as the photons get scattered....

However, most of the monocots are herbaceous with weak cambium that cannot hold woody tissues. Their root system consists of various roots characterized by their growth and complexity. The adventitious roots develop from other regions of the seed than the radical. The lack of cambium in roots gets replaced by the adventitious roots that provide stability and strength to the plant. What are Dicot Roots Similarities between Monocot and Dicot Roots What is the Difference between Monocot and Dicot Roots Summary Depending on the plant species, dicot roots can be both herbaceous and woody....

What Causes Osmosis and Why does it Occur Basic Characteristics of Osmosis Examples of Osmosis What Factors Affect Osmosis Different Types Of Osmotic Solutions and Their Effect on Osmosis What Are The Different Types Of Osmosis Osmosis was first thoroughly studied in 1877, by German plant physiologist Wilhelm Pfeffer. The general term ‘osmose’ (now osmosis) was introduced in 1854 by British chemist Thomas Graham. In Plants Roots of plants have a higher solute concentration than the surrounding soil, so water flows into the roots which are absorbed by the plants through osmosis The opening and closing of guard cells, responsible for gas exchange in plants, depends on the absorption of water by osmosis...

It is a vital process in humans and animals that helps to maintain cellular functions such as regulation of metabolism, maintaining cell structure, and transportation. Proteolysis is also a key player in causing some diseases. In addition, it also has a few industrial applications, such as food processing and stain removal. How Proteolysis Works with Steps Functions of Proteolysis Proteolysis and Diseases Laboratory Applications Step 1: Initially, globular proteins are broken down into smaller protein fragments and polypeptides....

Islands covering smaller areas of only few sq. Km are called islets, while there are many islands that can be larger than mainland countries. Greenland is the world’s largest island covering an area of 2.166 million km2. Multiple islands situated in a closely spaced group are collectively called an archipelago, with Indonesia being the world’s largest archipelago consisting of about 17000 islands in the Pacific Ocean. What Are the Different Types of Islands 1....

Broadly, there are two types of ecosystems on Earth – terrestrial and aquatic. However, there are different types of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Terrestrial Ecosystems Aquatic Ecosystem 1. Forest Ecosystems A forest ecosystem consists of many flora, fauna, and microorganisms coexisting in an area and interacting with abiotic factors like sunlight, soil, air, and water. Thus, the forest ecosystem provides shelter to many plants and animal species and is the primary carbon sink of the Earth....

How many Types of Meteorites are There What Are the Different Types of Meteorites Formation: 75-90% rock-forming minerals like silicate, 10-25% of metallic elements (nickel-iron alloy), small amounts of iron sulfide Characteristics: Stone-like appearance with small flecks of metal Formation: Being primitive, these can contain materials that predate the formation of the solar system and planets. Having never undergoing melting, these are often studied to learn about the origin of the universe....

How Does Table Salt Melt Ice Faster When Does Regular Salt Stop Melting Ice What Happens When Salt Is Added To Ice – Explaining At the Molecular Level Salt or sodium chloride is an ionic compound. When it is put on the surface of the ice on roads, it mixes with the water (a polar compound) on the surface and breaks into its elements, sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl–) ions. This would not have been possible if there was no water along with the ice....

Energy flows directionally through the ecosystem, entering as sunlight (for photoautotrophs) or inorganic molecules (for chemoautotrophs) and leaving as heat. The ways in which inorganic elements and some inorganic or organic compounds move between the various living and nonliving forms based on their locations on earth are called biogeochemical cycles. Types of Biogeochemical Cycles Why are Biogeochemical Cycles Important Which Biogeochemical Cycles are Essential for Life a) Gaseous cycles: Examples include carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and the water cycle b) Sedimentary cycles: Examples include sulfur, phosphorous, and rock cycle....

What is Nitrogen Fixation Where Does it Occur Types of Nitrogen Fixation Why is Nitrogen Fixation Necessary What happens during the process BNF is a complex process that requires a lot of energy expenditure. Molecular nitrogen consists of two nitrogen atoms joined by a triple covalent bond, making it highly inert and nonreactive. The enzyme nitrogenase present in bacteria breaks this bond to add three hydrogen atoms to each nitrogen atom....

Among other organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope is part of the endomembrane system, involved in the selective transport of molecules within the cell and also with the external environment. Structure of Nuclear Envelope When does the Nuclear Envelope Dissolve Differences in Plant and Animal Cell Nuclear Envelopes Functions of Nuclear Envelope Recent research suggests that the nuclear envelope is not a spherical coat....