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Glycogenesis is the biosynthesis of glycogen, the carbohydrate stored in the liver and muscle cells, by adding glucose molecules chain-wise. It is an anabolic process that requires one ATP molecule per glucose incorporated into the glycogen. Glycogen is synthesized depending on the cell’s demand for glucose and ATP. Excess glucose is stored in glycogen if blood glucose levels and ATP concentrations are high. In animals, glycogenesis occurs in the cytoplasm of muscle, liver, and adipose tissue cells....

The law is named after British mathematician Isaac Newton, who published it in 1701. Newton did not initially state his law in its current form. It was because of the confusion arising from the concept of heat and temperature, which did not exist during his time. Mathematical Form of the Law Newton’s Law of Cooling Formula Limitations Example Problems where k is a positive constant known as the cooling constant....

Examples Simple Harmonic Motion Damped Harmonic Motion Oscillations of a pendulumVibration in a springMotion of a wheelMovement of a seesawVibrations in guitar stringsAlternating current in household equipmentElectromagnetic waves passing through the air The example below shows a pendulum oscillating about its point of suspension. It passes through points A, B, and C during its oscillations. Equation Consider a spring-mass system on a horizontal surface, as shown in the image. According to Hooke’s law, the restoring force on the oscillating object is proportional to its displacement....

Properties and Characteristics of a Plane Mirror Laws of Reflection Ray Diagram and Image Formation Differences Between Plane Mirror and Curved Mirror Uses and Applications of Plane Mirror Ans. The focal length of a plane mirror is infinity. Q.2. Can a plane mirror form multiple images? Ans. Yes. If two or more plane mirrors are placed at a certain angle, then multiple images can be formed. Q.3. How many images are formed by two parallel plane mirrors?...

Formula Applications Example Problems If the particles have the same mass, m, then the above equation reduces to Suppose M is the total mass of the object. Then, M = nm. Therefore, The moment of inertia of a concentrated mass about an axis at a distance Rg from the axis is MRg2. Here, Rg is the radius of gyration. Then, Therefore, the radius of gyration of a body about a given axis is the root mean square distance of its constituent particles from the axis of rotation....

How many Layers are there in a Tropical Rainforest 1. Emergent Layer It is the first layer of the tropical rainforest from the top, starting over 45m from the ground. The emergent layer consists of long, towering trees of 70-100m. Those trees are taller than most other trees in a forest. The emergent layer is hot (because of direct sunlight), breezy, and wet making it a rather inhospitable place to live....

The compressibility of a substance is its ability to deform upon the application of force. Liquids are not compressible under normal circumstances. Why do Liquids Not Compress Easily Under Normal Circumstances What Happens When a Liquid is Compressed Summary Example of Incompressibility of Water Imagine squeezing a water balloon. Water takes whatever shape the balloon takes. Suppose the inside pressure is high. Since water does not compress easily, the balloon will not take the pressure any longer....

In Greek, ‘chroma’ means ‘color’, which gives this plastid its name. Characteristics of Chromoplast How are Chromoplast Formed Structure of Chromoplasts with Types Redifferentiation of Chromoplasts Functions of Chromoplasts Chromoplast vs Chloroplast Differences between Chloroplast, Chromoplast, and Leucoplast Degradation of chlorophyll and the thylakoid membraneSignificant increase in carotenoid-accumulating bodies such as plastoglobules, microfibrillar structures, crystalline structures, and membranous structures within the newly formed pigment bodyDNA remains unchanged, but ribosomes and rRNA disappear....

MOSFETs are widely used in various applications, including computers and smartphones, because they are efficient, fast, and can be miniaturized. Construction What Does a MOSFET Do Mode of Operation Operating Regions of MOSFET Applications Substrate: The substrate is the foundation of the MOSFET and is usually made of silicon. Oxide Layer: Above the substrate is the oxide layer, which acts as an insulator to prevent current leakage. Gate: The gate is located atop the oxide layer and controls MOSFET’s conductivity by applying a voltage....

They were discovered and named by Ernst Haeckel, while A. F. W. Schimper was the first to define plastids. Origin Structure Parts Different Types of Plastids with Examples Functions Intermembrane Space: Present within two membranes with (8-10) nm thickness Grana: Stacks of membrane-bound organelle called thylakoid. Each granum contains approximately 10-20 thylakoids Stroma: Cytoplasm of the organelle containing proteins, enzymes, and ribosomes Peripheral Reticulum: Membranous tubules arising from the inner membrane DNA: Genetic material of plastids Ribosome: Organelle where protein synthesis occurs Chloroplasts: Present in all the green parts of the plant, and blue-green algae....

Based on cell structure, all cells are widely grouped into two categories: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. In this article, the prokaryotic cell is discussed in detail. What is a Prokaryotic Cell Where are Prokaryotes Found Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cell Components Prokaryotic Cell Structure Examples of Prokaryotic Cells How do Prokaryotic Cells Divide They lack a true nucleus, i.e., they do not have a nuclear membrane.The entire genetic material or DNA is located in a central region of the cell called the nucleoid....

What is Aerobic Respiration When and Where Does Aerobic Respiration Occur Steps of Aerobic Respiration How many ATP molecules are produced in aerobic respiration? Function Summary Word equation Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy Balanced chemical equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (as ATP) Reactants/Raw materials Glucose (C6H12O6) Oxygen (O2) End/Final products Carbon dioxide (CO2) Water (H2O) Energy (as ATP) Waste products Carbon dioxide (CO2) Water (H2O) Example Respiration in all multicellular organisms like birds, animals, insects, humans, and plantsRespiration in aerobic bacteria...

A typical example of hydrolase is a phosphatase, which removes phosphate groups by hydrolyzing phosphoric acid monoesters forming a phosphate ion and a molecule having a free hydroxyl group. Edwin Krebs and Edmond Fischer discovered dephosphorylation as a reversible process in functional proteins that are mainly enzymatic and non-enzymatic. Mechanism of Dephosphorylation Functions of Dephosphorylation Like phosphorylation, dephosphorylation occurs on all substrates, such as structural proteins, enzymes, membrane channels, and signaling molecules....

The crust can be continental or oceanic crust. The continental crust forms the landmasses we inhabit. In contrast, the oceanic crust lies beneath the vast expanses of the world’s oceans. The thickness of the crust ranges from about 5 kilometers (3 miles) beneath the ocean floor to approximately 70 kilometers (43 miles) beneath some mountain ranges. The geosphere thus extends from the Earth’s surface to its core, with distinct layers that vary in composition and physical properties....

Around 11,000 species of grasshoppers in different colors are found to exist today worldwide; most of them are herbivores. They vary in size, although an adult grasshopper is about 1 to 7 cm in length. Stages of Grasshopper Life Cycle It takes about 2 months for a grasshopper to complete its life cycle. During mating season, the male grasshopper deposits its sperm in the vagina of the female, which reaches the eggs through channels called micropyles....

Richard Altmann discovered mitochondria in 1890 and called them ‘bioblasts’. Carl Benda coined the term ‘mitochondrion’ in 1898. What do Mitochondria Look Like It is a ‘bean’ shaped organelle that is constantly in the state of division to form a network. These networks are always changing their shape and size based on the tissue or organ, where they function. Find the best maid service anchorage ak nearby. What are their Parts Other Important Functions:...

According to his observations, he proposed three laws: 1) Law of Dominance, 2) Law of Segregation and 3) Law of Independent Assortment, collectively called Laws of Inheritance. Among the three laws, the first two can be explained using a monohybrid cross. What is Monohybrid Cross How Many Traits are Involved in a Monohybrid Cross Punnett Squares How to Do a Monohybrid Cross Examples of Monohybrid Cross What is a Monohybrid Test Cross It is done between plants having gone through one hybrid generation....

The term mutualism was coined by Pierre-Joseph van Beneden from the Latin word mūtu(us), meaning “mutual” or “reciprocal”, and from the Greek word ismos, meaning “often directly”, to describe mutual interaction between species. Types of Mutualism Examples of Mutualism in Nature While the relationship is complex, it can be of two types: obligate and facultative. In obligate mutualism, the partners depend entirely on each other for survival. In contrast, organisms that derive benefit from the relationship but can survive without the other are called facultative mutualism....

The presence of pigment ‘chlorophyll’ makes the leaf green in color that helps to prepare food in plants through photosynthesis. Collectively, green leaves are called foliage. What are the Different Parts of a Leaf 1. Petiole 2. Leaf Base 3. Leaf-blade or Lamina Functions Providing support to the leaf and keeps it erect Transporting water and nutrients absorbed by the roots to the leaves Transporting photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant...