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Types of Translational Motion Difference Between Translational and Rotational Motion Examples A train moving on its trackA man walking down a pathBirds flying in the skyA boat sailing down a river 2. Curvilinear motion In a curvilinear motion, the motion of an object is in a curve path whose trajectory follows the laws of motion. It can occur in two or three dimensions. A projectile passing through the airA bullet fired from a gunA racing car around a bendA stone undergoing a slingshot...

When tryptophan levels are low in the bacterial cell, the trp operon is activated, promoting tryptophan synthesis. Conversely, when tryptophan is abundant, the trp operon is repressed, conserving energy by reducing the production of tryptophan. The trp operon is thus a repressible system. Components of the Trp Operon How Does the Trp Operon Work Attenuation of the Trp Operon Combined Regulation of Attenuator and Repressor Proteins Trp Operon vs. Lac Operon Repressor Protein (trpR): TrpR is a regulatory protein synthesized by a separate gene....

Many microorganisms use nitrate (NO3–) and sulfate (SO42-) as electron acceptors, reduce it to nitrite (NO2–) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) respectively. Anaerobic respiration exclusively occurs in the cell cytoplasm. What Happens During Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Types of Anaerobic Respiration Advantages of Anaerobic Respiration Steps of the Pathway Anaerobic respiration occurs through two steps: glycolysis and fermentation. 1) Glycolysis Glycolysis is the first and common step of cellular respiration. A glucose molecule splits into two pyruvate molecules, releasing electrons in the process and generating ATP....

It was discovered jointly by Walther Flemming in 1875 and Edouard Van Beneden in 1876 and later named and described in 1888 by Theodor Boveri. Where is it Located Structure Functions Each centriole of the centrosome consists of nine sets of short microtubule triplets (approximately 0.5 μm long and 0.2 μm wide) arranged in a cylinder with no central microtubules, called the 9 + 0 arrangement. A cilium replaces the centrosome during cellular differentiation in many cell types....

Principle Balanced Force Equation Factors Affecting Contact Angle How to Measure Contact Angle Applications When the contact angle is small, cohesive forces are weaker than adhesive forces. The liquid molecules interact more with the solid molecules than with themselves. The droplet spreads across the surface. For example, water spreads over a glass.When the contact angle is large, cohesive forces are stronger than adhesive forces. The liquid molecules interact more with each other than with the solid molecules....

Examples of damping include: Shock absorbers in vehiclesSeismic dampers in buildings Vibration dampers on bridges Types of Damping Depending on the system’s nature, damping can occur through various mechanisms, such as frictional forces, air resistance, or electrical resistance. Viscous Damping Viscose damping is caused by fluid resistance and occurs when bodies move at moderate speeds through fluid mediums such as air, gas, water, or oil. This is the most commonly used damping mechanism to reduce the amplitude of vibrations....

Examples How to Calculate Displacement Displacement and Distance Displacement Graphs Consider a one-dimensional coordinate system. The variable x is often used to indicate position. Suppose a person is at position A, at a distance xi from the origin. Here, the subscript i refers to the initial position. After some time, he moves to position B at a distance xf from the origin, where f refers to the final position. Then, the displacement (Δx) of the person is Δx = xf – xi SI Unit: Meter or m Can Displacement be Negative From the above equation, it is clear that if xf > xi, Δx > 0....

Fragmentation is found to occur in fungi such as yeasts and mushrooms. Plants such as ferns, mosses, and cyanobacteria also reproduce by fragmentation. In animals, sea stars are the most common example, although annelid worms, sponges, and flatworms also reproduce by this method. Steps of Fragmentation Fragmentation in Fungi and Algae Fragmentation in Plants Fragmentation in Animals Advantages of Fragmentation Disadvantages of Fragmentation Fragmentation and Regeneration Step 1: Formation of fragments by removal of body partsStep 2: Growth and regeneration of fragmentsStep 3: Conversion of fragments into developed individuals Here, unique structures called hyphae take part in the process....

Law of Independent Assortment Example of Independent Assortment Why Independent Assortment Happens What Happens If Genes do not Follow Independent Assortment He crossed two pure-breeding pea plants in his experiment: one with yellow, round seeds (YYRR) and one with green, wrinkled seeds (yyrr). By the law of segregation, the gametes made by the round, yellow plant are all RY, and the gametes made by the wrinkled, green plant all are ry....

The word ‘mesophyll’ is derived from two Greek words, ’ mesos’, meaning middle, and ‘phyllo,’ meaning leaf. Types of Mesophyll Cells with Functions 1. Palisade Mesophyll Cells The cells are elongated, cylindrical (columnar) shaped, located just below the epidermis. Apart from the nucleus, palisade cells are bounded by a cell membrane and contain a large vacuole and chloroplast, among others. These cells are loosely arranged but nearby, so materials can pass through....

Toroid Magnetic Field Equation The magnetic field of a toroid can be determined by using Ampere’s law, which gives a relationship between current and magnetic field. Ampere’s law states that the magnetic field produced by an electric current is proportional to the current’s magnitude. Mathematically, the integral of the magnetic field over a closed loop is equal to the product of the permeability and the current enclosed by the loop. The following equation shows the integral form....

How Does a Wedge Work Mechanical Advantage of a Wedge Types and Examples of Wedges Applications and Uses of Wedges The sharp end of the wedge is placed on an object’s surface, and a force is applied on the blunt end. The force overcomes the object’s resistance and pushes the wedge into it. The wedge now applies a force inside the object at a 90˚ angle to its slope. This output force can split the object into two....

Buoyant Force The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the oil when the oil is immersed in water. When oil is in water, the buoyant force is much greater than the weight of the oil. Hence it floats. For example, suppose you want to dissolve 5 cc of oil in water. On adding the oil to water, it displaces 5 cc of water. Now the weight of that much volume of water is much greater than the same volume of oil....

Structure Function i) Stigma – Sticky, knob-like head of the carpel. ii) Style – Long, slender, stalk-like structure, connecting the stigma and ovary. iii) Ovary – Base of the carpel, containing the eggs or ovules.

The cell wall was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, while its name came from the Latin word ‘cella’, meaning a ‘small room’. Fungal Cell Walls In general, fungi with cell wall have three layers that together increase the rigidity and strength of the cell wall: Cell Walls in Algae Algae being a widely diverse group, their cell walls also vary in their composition. In algae it consists of polysaccharides, like cellulose or glycoproteins, while others contain both of them....

It is the final part of oxidative phosphorylation. The initial part is the electron transport chain. Where Does Chemiosmosis Occur Function of Chemiosmosis Chemiosmotic Theory How does Chemiosmosis Produce ATP in Cellular Respiration Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts Chemiosmosis in Prokaryotes However, chemiosmosis requires a membrane to allow the electrochemical gradient to develop. The pyruvate is further metabolized to acetyl CoA and then to citric acid or citrate through a series of steps in the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrial matrix....

It was named after its discoverers, Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Cori, in 1929. Where Does the Cori Cycle Occur Steps of the Cori Cycle Regulation of the Cori Cycle What is the Purpose of the Cori Cycle Cori Cycle Disorders Due to a lack of oxygen, glucose forms lactic acid in the muscle cell cytoplasm during high-intensity exercises. Lactic acid is then transported through the bloodstream to the liver....

The law is named after French physicist and Nobel laureate Pierre Curie, who formulated it in 1895, and it has since become a cornerstone of modern physics. Equation Where: M represents the magnetization of the material.C is the Curie constant, a material-specific constant with the unit Aˑm-1ˑKˑT-1.B is the applied magnetic field.T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin (K). The Curie constant (C) is unique to each material and reflects its inherent magnetic properties....

A lens with one of its sides converging and the other diverging is known as a meniscus lens. A double concave lens is diverging on both of its refracting surfaces. Whereas, if one side has no curvature but the other side is concave, it is known as a plano-concave lens. Is Concave Lens a Diverging Lens? Ray Diagram Showing Image Formation by Diverging Lens Converging vs. Diverging Lens Diverging Lens Equations Diverging Lens Ray Tracing Video Animation: Diverging Lens Object-Image Relations Applications Any ray of light that is parallel to the principal axis of the lens will pass through its focal point after refraction....

Due to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, Eddy currents produce their magnetic field. According to Lenz’s law, the current direction is such that it will oppose the magnetic field causing it. In the image below, an inducting coil produces a magnetic field. A conductor is brought near this magnetic field, resulting in swirling electrical currents on the conductor’s surface. Since the coil’s magnetic field and the eddy current’s magnetic field are opposite, it results in a magnetic drag....