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Thus, meristems are the region of active growth in plants. They are mainly found in the shoot and root apices that give rise to new organs and allow plants to grow and repair worn-out tissues. In 1858, Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli coined the term ‘meristem’. The term ‘meristem’ originated from the Greek word ‘merizein’, meaning ‘to divide.’ Characteristics of Meristematic Tissue in Plants Functions of Meristematic Tissue Types of Meristematic Tissue with Functions Difference between Meristematic Tissue and Permanent Tissue Can self-renew and self-sustain indefinitely....

The word ‘Paramecium’ was coined in 1752 by John Hill and later studied in detail by O. F. Müller. Parts The basic anatomy of Paramecium shows the following distinct and specialized structures in their cell: Pellicle: Flexible, thin, elastic membrane consisting of outer plasma membrane and an inner membrane called epiplasm, but lacking a cell wall. Pellicle protects the cell from the outside environment. Cilia: It is of two types....

Pressure and Volume Relationship Types of PV Diagrams How to Draw a PV Diagram How to Calculate Work Done from PV Diagram Applications Isobaric – when the gas is held at a constant pressure Isochoric – when the gas is held at a constant volume Isothermal – when the gas is held at a constant temperature Adiabatic – no heat flows in and out of the container These fundamental processes are modeled on PV diagrams and follow ideal gas laws....

Simply put, radiance measures how much light comes from a specific area in a specific direction. It tells us how intense the light is when we look at a tiny piece of a surface from a particular angle. For example, when you hold a leaf, the amount of sunlight (brightness) you see coming through the leaf in a specific direction is like measuring the radiance. Formula Units Applications Example Problems with Solutions The formula for radiance is given by: Where: – L is the radiance – φ is the radiant flux – A is the area of the source – ω is the solid angle – θ is the angle between the surface normal and the radiance direction This formula accounts for the fact that radiance varies with the angle of observation, with the cosine term (cos θ) representing the geometric relationship between the surface normal and the direction of observation....

Plants reproduce in two ways: 1) sexual and 2) asexual. 1) Sexual Reproduction 2) Asexual Reproduction Reproduction in Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) In angiosperms or flowering plants, the flower is the reproductive organ. They bear flowers, fruit-covered seeds and reproduces via double fertilization. The sporophyte stage dominates their life cycle. Their Reproductive Structure and Parts A typical flower bears four main parts or whorls: sepal, petal, stamen, and corolla. Among these, stamen and carpel are called the male and female reproductive organs of the plant, whereas sepal and petal are the accessory parts....

Standing Wave Animation Image Courtesy: Physicsclassroom.com Two people shaking either end of a jump ropeOcean or pool waves hitting a wall and bouncing back in the opposite directionPlucking the strings of a guitar. A guitarist can purposely alter the pitch of the sound by placing a finger on the string to shorten the length that is vibrating.Wind instruments that have air columns in them. The effective length of the tube determines the sound the pipe makes....

Types I Superconductors Type II Superconductors Differences Between Type I and Type II Superconductors Type I superconductors are typically elemental metals like lead and mercury. The critical field for a Type I superconductor is temperature-dependent and can be described by the equation: Where: – HC(T) is the critical field at temperature T. – HC(0) is the critical field at absolute zero temperature. – T is the temperature of the superconductor. – TC is the critical temperature at which the material becomes superconducting....

Structure Anther Attachment Function Each theca contains two microsporangia or pollen sacs, which fuse to form a chamber called locule. Pollen grains are produced inside these pollen sacs. Most of the flowers are dithecal, having two thecae and four microsporangia. However, few plants, mainly those belonging to the families Cannaceae (canna-lily) and Malvaceae (mallow), are monothecal, having a single theca and two microsporangia. Pollen Development The microsporangia of anther contain microspore mother cells, surrounded by a tissue layer, called the tapetum....

For instance, capillary action is observed when placing a thin straw into a cup of water. Water goes into the straw and rises higher than the surrounding water in the cup. The water inside the straw works against gravity, which would questionably pull it down. How Does Capillary Action Work Examples Capillary Action of Water Capillary Action in Plants Height of Liquid Column Cohesive Force – Force due to intermolecular attractions between molecules of the same kind, that is, liquid molecules....

The magnetic field comes from a permanent magnet like a bar magnet. The phenomenon is called induction because there is no physical contact between the conductor and the magnet. The magnetic lines of force pass through air or medium if the coil is wrapped around a metallic core. A condition of electromagnetic induction is that there should be a relative motion between the conductor and the magnet. Who Discovered Electromagnetic Induction English physicist Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831....

What is Electromagnetic Force Electromagnetic Force Examples Electromagnetic Force Equation Applications of Electromagnetic Force Difference between Gravitational Force and Electromagnetic Force How does Electromagnetic Force Work? The electric force originates from the interaction between charged particles, whether they are stationary or moving. Opposite charges attract each other while like charges repel. Charged particles give rise to an electric field. However, when the particles start to move, they generate a magnetic field which gives rise to a magnetic force....

Examples of Cells Where Exocytosis Happens It occurs in all living cells, from invertebrates and protozoa to plants and human. What Types of Materials are Expelled from Cells During Exocytosis Large and complex protein molecules like enzymes, peptide hormones, and antibiotics are regularly released through this energy-dependent process. Steps Involved in Exocytosis The entire process gets completed in the following five key steps: Step 1: Vesicle Trafficking: The first step of exocytosis during which the secretory vesicle move from their spot of creation to the cell membrane....

This unique property allows for making permanent magnets widely used in various applications such as motors, generators, speakers, and data storage devices. The ability to generate and maintain a magnetic field without the need for a constant external source of power makes ferromagnets highly valuable. How Does Ferromagnetism Work Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials Examples of Ferromagnetic Materials

The term ‘hydrotropism’ is a combination of two words, ‘hydro’ and ‘tropism’. Here, ‘hydro ‘means ‘water’, and ‘tropism’ stands for ‘tropic movement’. Tropic movement is a directional movement displayed by a plant in response to any external stimuli, such as light, gravity, chemical, touch, temperature, and water. In this case, the external stimulus is water or moisture. Example: The movement of plant roots towards water. Its Types Based on whether the plant part moves towards or away from the water stimulus, hydrotropism can be of two types:...

Magnetic fields are generated by permanent magnets, electromagnets, and changing electric fields. Energy is stored in these magnetic materials to perform work and is different for different materials. Since it is stored energy, magnetic energy is a form of potential energy. Scottish mathematician and scientist James Clerk Maxwell are credited with having discovered magnetic energy during his pioneering work on electromagnetism in 1865. How is Magnetic Energy Calculated Examples and Uses Magnetic Energy and Electric Energy The total energy, E, is the integral of ρm over a given volume....

Each step is catalyzed by functionally distinct groups of microbes known as nitrifiers. They grow on organic carbon by fixing carbon dioxide through Calvin Cycle. Process of Nitrification Importance of Nitrification Step 1: Conversion of Ammonia to Nitrite NH3 + O2 → NO2– + 3H+ + 2e– It is primarily carried out by two distinct groups of ammonia-oxidizing microbes commonly found in aerobic environments. One is the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) present in the soil....

Construction Working Principles Regions of Operation Components A thin P-type semiconductor layer is sandwiched between two thicker N-type semiconductor layers, which are referred to as the emitter (E), base (B), and collector (C). Emitter: It is heavily doped with excess electrons, allowing for efficient injection of charge carriers into the base region. Base: It is lightly doped and narrow compared to the emitter. It facilitates the diffusion of charge carriers injected from the emitter to the collector....

Sources: Analog.com Body Waves As the name suggests, body waves travel through the interior of the Earth and have a frequency higher than the surface wave. Body waves are divided into P or primary and S or secondary waves. P-waves: Also called pressure waves, they can propagate in solid and liquid materials. They travel very rapidly and are the first to reach the seismograph. The motion of a P-wave is like that of a slinky....

Symbiosis describes any long-term relationship or interaction between two organisms of different species. It is a long-term biological association where at least one or both organisms benefit. The organisms involved in symbiosis are called symbionts. Symbiosis can be obligate or facultative. In obligate symbiosis, both organisms cannot survive without the other. They are interdependent. In facultative symbiosis, the organisms are involved by choice and can survive without the other. All symbiosis can be either endosymbiosis or ectosymbiosis....

Conditions for Total Internal Reflection Equation and Formula Used in Total Internal Reflection Applications of Total Internal Reflection Example of Total Internal Reflection in Nature