Properties of Ideal Gas Equation Governing Ideal Gas Behavior The molecules do not interact. When they collide, the molecules do not attract or repel. The collisions are perfectly elastic, including the ones with the walls of the container. The molecules do not occupy any volume and can be considered point particles far apart. However, the gas takes up the volume of the container. The molecules exhibit continuous, rapid, and random motion....

When activated, they function as the cell’s digestive system that destroys invading viruses and bacteria, repairs worn-out cells, and in programmed cell death or apoptosis. If lysosomes are absent in a cell, the cells tend to gather these substances and become poisonous. They are hence called the ‘trash can’ or the ‘recycle bin’ of the cell and are essential to maintain the health of a cell. Do Plant Cells Have Lysosomes Although predominantly found in animal cells, recent discoveries show that the function of vacuoles in plant cells is similar to the lysosomes in animal cells....

In 1967, Belgian cytologist Christian de Duve discovered peroxisomes. Duve and his co-workers identified several oxidases within peroxisomes that are found to produce H2O2 and catalase that decompose H2O2 into oxygen and water. Due to their role in peroxide metabolism, Duve named them ‘peroxisomes’. They are abundant in liver cells, where lipids are stored, broken down, or synthesized. Structure of Peroxisome Functions of Peroxisome However, they are generally spherical-shaped organelles averaging 0....

Like all cell surface receptors, they also receive and transmit environmental signals. Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs), insulin receptors (IRs), and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) are some examples of RTKs. RTKs are essential in cellular growth, survival, differentiation, metabolism, and migration. Structure of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases How Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Works Signaling Pathways Activated by RTKs What Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Do in a Cell In addition to the above three domains, an RTK has additional carboxy (C-) terminal and juxtamembrane regulatory regions....

Seed dormancy is defined as the inability of a viable seed to germinate under conditions favorable for germination. These conditions are the combination of light, water, oxygen, temperature, humidity, gases, mechanical restrictions such as types of the seed coat and hormones. The period of seed dormancy may vary from days to months and even years. It is also sometimes called the ‘rest or quiescent period’ in plants. Causes of Seed Dormancy Types of Seed Dormancy Methods of Breaking Seed Dormancy Advantages and Disadvantages of Seed Germination Light: Seeds of most plants germinate equally well in light and darkness....

What Happens During Doping Types of Semiconductor Doping Creating a PN Junction Doping is crucial for creating a PN junction, a key component in many semiconductor devices. When a P-type semiconductor comes into contact with an N-type semiconductor, they form a PN junction. This junction acts like a gate, controlling the flow of electrical current. It allows current to flow easily in one direction but not in the opposite direction, which is essential for devices like diodes used in rectifiers and voltage regulators....

Stefan-Boltzman law is named after Austrian physicists Josef Stefan and Ludwig Boltzmann. Stefan formulated the law in 1877, and Boltzmann derived it in 1884. Formula Application Where s is called the Stefan-Boltzmann constant. It has the following expression: Where kB: Boltzmann’s constant h: Planck’s constant c: Speed of light Plugging in the values of kB, h, and c, the Stefan-Boltzmann constant comes out to be 5.67 x 10-8 W · m-2 ·K-4....

Just like animals breathe, plants do so with the help of stomata. Under the microscope, they appear dense or dark. Stomata also help to protect a plant from dehydration caused due to excessive loss of water. Stoma vs. Stomata Structure of Stomata Stomatal Density Types of Stomata Factors Affecting Opening and Closing of Stomata How Do they Open and Close Functions and Uses It is made of two guard cells – a pair of specialized, kidney-shaped epidermal cells....

They are closely intertwined with the xylem and phloem of the vascular bundle. However, it does not transport water, minerals, or food through the plant. Location of Vascular Cambium in Plants Structure of Vascular Cambium in Plants Functions of Vascular Cambium In herbaceous plants, it arises in the vascular bundles, often arranged like beads on a necklace forming inside the stem. However, in woody stems, it forms a cylinder of undifferentiated meristem cells as a continuous ring which later gives rise to new tissues....

Who Invented the Wheel and Axle Archeological evidence shows that the first wheel and axle existed in Mesopotamia during the Bronze Age around 3500 B.C. How Does Wheel and Axle Work Mechanical Advantage of Wheel and Axle Types and Examples of Wheel and Axle Applications of Wheel and Axle IMA = R/r Where, R: Radius of the wheel r: Radius of the axle For the equation, it is clear that more mechanical advantage can be gained when the wheel is large....

Any rotating or spinning object with mass has angular momentum. For example, the Earth has orbital angular momentum as it rotates about the Sun while completing a year and spin angular momentum as it spins about its axis while completing a day. Formula Example Problems L ꓿ rp The above equation is the general way of writing the magnitude of the momentum. Specifically, it applies to a point object rotating about a fixed point....

The concept of unit cell and lattice constants is critical to understanding the geometric arrangement of lattice points in space. Lattice Constants Types of Bravais Lattice Lattice constants define the size and shape of a unit cell. They refer to the lengths of the edges of a unit cell. They are typically denoted by letters “a”, “b”, and “c” for the three dimensions in a crystal lattice. The significance of lattice constants lies in their relationship, which is unique for each Bravais lattice....

The Carnot engine was devised by French engineer and scientist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in 1824. During the working of the Carnot engine, the system is taken from temperature T1 to T2 and then back from temperature T2 to T1. It is best represented by a pressure-volume (PV) diagram. Carnot Refrigerator The thermodynamic cycle that is observed in the Carnot engine is a reversible process. The engine can be acted upon by an external force to transfer heat....

What is Respiration in Plants When and Where Do Plants Respire Different Types of Plant Respiration Steps of Cellular Respiration Factors Affecting Respiration in Plants Why Do Plants Need to Respire The collection of biochemical reactions that plants undergo daily to obtain energy from glucose is called cellular respiration. Every part of a plant, such as a root, stem, and leaf, carries out respiration as they do not possess any specialized organ for gaseous exchange....

The Role of Unit Cell in Crystal Structure Crystal System A crystal structure focuses on how the atoms are arranged inside the crystal. However, crystallographers are interested in the overall shape and size of the crystal as well as its external characteristics. To accomplish this, they need to know about the crystal system. Example of Crystal Structure Sodium Chloride (NaCl) The crystal structure of sodium chloride (NaCl), commonly known as table salt, is a prime example of a cubic crystal lattice....

This metabolic pathway is also known as Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway or EMP pathway after its discoverer German biochemists Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Location: Where Does Glycolysis Occur Steps: Glycolysis Pathway Phases of Glycolysis Total ATP Yield Function Advantage Step 1: In the first step, a phosphate group from ATP gets transferred to the glucose molecule present in the cell cytoplasm, producing glucose-6-phosphate. This step is catalyzed by the enzyme hexokinase....

By studying the pattern of concentric rings, it is possible to determine the wavelength of monochromatic light and the refractive index of a given transparent liquid medium present in a wedge-shaped film. If white light is used instead of monochromatic, the lens system produces colorful interference, since the condition for a maximum in the interference is dependent on the wavelength. Newton’s rings have been named after English physicist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton, who was the first to observe the effect in 1704....

Sometimes the root changes their shape and gets modified to store reserve food as found in sweet potato, radish, and carrot plant. They are also modified for respiration (e.g., roots of mangrove tree), and additional support (e.g., aerial roots of banyan tree). Origin and Development What Are the Main Parts of a Plant Root System 1) The Region of Root Cap 2) The Region of Cell Division (Meristematic Region) 3) The Region of Elongation 4) The Region of Maturation or Differentiation Functions...

Free Falling Objects Near Earth’s Surface Horizontal Spring-Mass System U(y) = mgy Where U(y): Potential energy m: Mass of the object g: Acceleration due to gravity y: Height above the Earth’s surface The above equation is a straight line passing through the origin with slope mg, as shown below. The sum of kinetic and potential energy at any given point A is constant and equal to the object’s total mechanical energy....

Types of Root System Based on Structure Types of Root Modifications 1. Taproot or Primary Root System It is the root system that develops from the growing embryo (radicle) of a germinating seed. The taproot is the true root that grows vertically downwards and produces many lateral roots called root hairs. The taproot system is present in all dicot plants. Examples: Mango, carrot, radish, sugar beet, and parsnip 2. Adventitious Root System It is the root system that develops from any part of the plant other than the radicle – usually a stem and sometimes a leaf....