They are motile cellular appendages made of microtubules and remain covered by the plasma membrane. Both cilia and flagella aid in movement. Compare and Contrast Cilia and Flagella Conclusion Difference between Cilia and Flagella Cilia are short, microscopic, hair-like structures or organelles extending in large numbers from the surface of eukaryotic cells. In contrast, flagella are long, complex filamentous cytoplasmic structures protruding through the cell wall. How are Cilia and Flagella Alike Although they differ in many aspects, cilia and flagella have similarities....

In some seedless plants (like ferns and mosses), the endodermis is a visible layer of cells immediately outside the vascular cylinder (stele) in roots and shoots. In woody, seeded plants, the endodermis is present only in the roots. The endodermis serves as an impermeable barrier to the free diffusion of solutes from the soil into the stele. It thus helps to regulate the movement of water, ions, and hormones into and out of the vascular system....

Fertilization is similar in flowering plants (angiosperms) and seed-bearing plants (gymnosperms). How does Plant Fertilization Occur Types of Fertilization What Happens After Fertilization 1. Pollination It is the first step of fertilization. Pollination is the act of transporting the pollen grain from the anther (male part) to the flower’s stigma (female part). Wind, water, insects, and animals are some common agents of pollination. 2. Germination Mature pollen grains contain two cells: a generative cell and a pollen tube cell....

The dicot stems are stems of dicot plants. They are arranged concentrically, one above the other. The vascular bundles of dicot stems are arranged in a ring without a bundle sheath. However, parenchyma cells surround each vascular bundle in the dicot stem. The hypodermis of dicot stems is made of collenchymas cells. They have other significant features such as trichomes in the epidermis, prominent cortex, and stele. In addition, dicot stems show secondary thickening, which leads to secondary growth....

Who Discovered Photoelectric Effect Photoelectric Effect Explained Equation for Photoelectric Effect Work Function Application The photoelectric effect is typically observed with metals, as they have loosely bound or delocalized electrons that are more easily excited by incoming photons. However, it can also occur with other materials like semiconductors or insulators under specific conditions. A critical aspect of the photoelectric effect is that it follows specific principles. First, there is a minimum energy threshold that the incident photons must have to cause electron emission....

Greek philosopher Archimedes was the first to study and quantify simple machines in the 3rd century B.C. How do Simple Machines Work Mechanical Advantage of Simple Machines Types of Simple Machines Simple machines can accomplish one or more of the following functions. Transfer force from one point to anotherChange the direction of the forceIncrease the magnitude of the forceIncrease the distance or speed of the force A torque is necessary for the machine to function whenever a rotational motion is involved....

Water moves in or out of the cell based on the solution’s solute concentration in which the cell remains suspended. Osmosis is the process that defines water’s net movement across a semipermeable membrane from a low solute concentration region to a high concentration region. What is Tonicity Tonicity and Osmolarity Types of Tonicity in Solution Examples of Tonicity in Living Systems When solutions of two different osmolarities are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, which is permeable to water but not to solutes, water moves from the side of the membrane with low osmolarity to the side with high osmolarity....

What is Ionized Water How do Water Ionizers Work Ionized Water Health Benefits Ionized Water Filters for Cleaning Side Effects of Alkaline Ionized Water Do Water Ionizers Really Work Water Ionizer Variations Ionized Water: Is it All a Hoax The ionization of water equation is as follows. H2O (l) ⇌ H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) The effectiveness of the above mentioned process in achieving the end, though, is neither accepted by scientists nor validated by the manufacturers....

How are Diffusion and Osmosis Alike References In plants, it helps in transpiration and photosynthesis In plants, it maintains turgidity, provides mechanical support, prevents excess water loss, and helps in the absorption of water from the soil

Historically, the law has been named after British physicist Robert Hooke. He established a relationship between force and displacement in 1660 and published it in 1678. Hooke’s Law Equation Limitations of Hooke’s Law Hooke’s Law Graph Stress and Strain in Hooke’s Law Applications of Hooke’s Law Solved Examples and Problems F ∝ x Or, F = -kx SI unit of Hooke’s law: Newton or N (kg.m.s-2) Here, k is known as the force constant or spring constant....

Magnetic hysteresis is the property of a material to retain a certain level of magnetization even after the external magnetic field has been removed. Hysteresis helps us understand a material’s magnetic properties and how it retains magnetization even after removing the external magnetic field. Hysteresis is essential as it provides valuable insights into the behavior and properties of various materials. By studying hysteresis, scientists and engineers can better understand how materials respond to external stimuli and make informed decisions in designing and utilizing them for various applications while considering energy loss, stability, and reliability....

Why is a Gas Easier to Compress What Happens to Gas Particles When a Gas is Compressed Where is Compressed Gas Used

‘Parasitism’ is derived from the Greek word ‘parasitos,’ meaning ‘one who eats at another’s table. The term was initially used to describe social relationships but later was adopted by scientists to describe biological interactions. Types of Parasitism Examples of Parasitism 1. Ectoparasitism Ectoparasitism involves one organism residing on the outer surfaces of another (ectoparasites), tapping into its host for essential resources. Those parasites often attach themselves to the host, utilizing ingenious adaptations to feed on blood, tissues, or other nutrients....

The specific amino acid sequence in peripheral proteins allows them to interact with the phosphate head of the lipids or with the integral membrane proteins. They never enter the hydrophobic space of the bilayer. Peripheral membrane proteins are involved in many signaling pathways, allow the movement of molecules in and out of the cell, and helps in cell interactions. Electron transport chain proteins, such as cytochrome c, cupredoxins, high potential iron protein, adrenodoxin reductase, and some flavoproteins, are some examples of peripheral proteins....

The land plants belonging to the streptophyte lineage and some species of the green algae, such as Coleochaetales, Charales, and Zygnematales, undergo phragmoplast-mediated cell division. This type of cell division is generally not found in the other green plant lineage, like the chlorophyte algae. Structure Function in Plant Cell Cycle It initially has a barrel shape and forms from the mitotic spindle between the two daughter nuclei while nuclear envelopes reassemble....

The primary function of root hair is to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. A single root can have millions of root hair cells, increasing the overall surface area for water absorption. Size The dimension of root hair cells ranges between 15-17 μm in diameter and 80-1500 μm in length. Structure Function: what do root hair cells do Like any other plant cell, it is bound by a cell wall and a semi-permeable cell membrane....

On the other hand, heat capacity is the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of the entire substance by one degree Celsius. Specific Heat and Heat Capacity Formula Specific Heat Table Specific Heat of Water Difference Between Specific Heat and Heat Capacity Example Problems with Solutions Where Q represents the heat transfer in Joules (J) or calories (cal). m denotes the mass of the substance in grams (g) or kilograms (kg) being heated or cooled....

What are Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Compare and Contrast Anaerobic respiration, the most primitive form of respiration on earth, is how cells convert the stored energy of glucose into ATP in the absence of free oxygen. It provides energy to the cells very rapidly. What is the Difference between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Similarities Both oxidize similar substrate, glucoseBoth produce ATP

In yeasts, this is an alternative respiratory pathway performed without oxygen. When oxygen is available, they immediately shift to the aerobic path. It is widely used in producing alcoholic beverages such as beer and wine. Where does Alcoholic Fermentation Occur Like all fermentations, alcoholic fermentation also occurs in the cytosol of yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and some bacteria. Process of Alcoholic Fermentation Uses of Alcoholic Fermentation Equation: C6H12O6 -> 2 C2H5OH (ethanol) + CO2 The entire process has two main steps:...

A non-contact force is defined as the force between two objects that are not in physical contact. For example, the attraction between the Earth and the Moon is a non-contact force since the two never come in contact. A non-contact force is also called a field force. Contact vs. Non-contact Forces Contact and Non-contact Forces: Types and Examples How to Find Contact Force Normal Force: Example – The force exerted by the table on a book lying on it....