A squirrel weighs 330 g, and the underside of its belly is approximately 500 cm2 in area. The drag coefficient for the belly down position is 1. We have m = 330 g = 0.33 kg ρair = 1.29 kg/m3 C = 1 A = 500 cm2 = 0.05 m2 g = 9.81 m/s2 Therefore, the terminal velocity comes out to be This value is much lower than a skydiver, around 60 m/s....
Humans are consumers and thus are ranked above the producers in any food chain. They rank at the top of any food chain, above the tertiary consumers, because they consume both plants (vegetables) and meat (other consumers) but are not eaten consistently by any animals. Humans prey on animals at all the trophic levels of the food chain. However, the food habit of humans is not universal. An individual’s diet varies based on geographic location, socioeconomic status, food availability, or choice....
It is generally measured with respect to the cytoplasmic concentration or tonicity of the cell. Here, the solute concentration, i.e., osmolarity (solutes per liter), remains equal on both sides of the cell membrane. Some of the most commonly used isotonic solutions are normal saline with 0.9% NaCl and lactated ringers. What It Does to a Cell What Happens to a Cell When Placed in an Isotonic Solution Examples of Isotonic Solution Difference between Isotonic, Hypotonic, and Hypertonic Solutions Any living being, including humans, possess some regulatory mechanisms to achieve and maintain this homeostatic condition which helps them to carry out all the body functions with ease....
ε = – N dφ/dt However, the equation does not state anything about the conservation of energy. Lenz’s Law can explain energy conservation and the negative sign in Faraday’s Law equation. What is Lenz’s Law Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy Applications of Lenz’s Law Example Problems and Solutions “The polarity of the induced emf is such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it.” When a magnetic field induces a current in a conducting coil, the induced current generates its magnetic field, opposite to the inducing magnetic field....
The term ‘meiosis’ came from the Greek word ‘meiosis’, meaning ‘lessening’. Interphase During this phase, the nuclear envelope remains intact. The chromosomes exist in the form of long, slender, and coiled chromatin fibers. G1 phase: The first gap phase or the preparatory phase of cell division. During this phase, the cell increase in size by absorbing water from the cytoplasm and synthesize different types of RNA and proteins. S phase: The period of DNA synthesis during which the genetic material present within the nucleus gets copied....
At the beginning of the experiment, a fine mist of oil droplets was sprayed into the chamber. In modern setups, an atomizer replaces the oil droplets. The oil was so chosen such that it had a low vapor pressure and capable of charging. Some of the oil drops became electrically charged by friction as they forced their way out of the nozzle. Alternatively, charging could also be induced by incorporating a source of ionizing radiation, such as an X-Ray tube, in the apparatus....
According to Newton’s third law, whenever two objects interact, they apply a force on each other. In other words, forces must always occur in pairs. These forces are known as action and reaction, and hence, another name for Newton’s third law is action-reaction law. Therefore, for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Newton’s third law applies to bodies in rest or motion. An example of Newton’s third law is a book lying on a table, as shown in the image below....
Statement of Coulomb’s Law Coulomb’s law states that the electrostatic force between the two particles is Directly proportional to the product of the magnitude of the chargesInversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two charges This law is named after French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, who published it in 1785. Coulomb’s Law Equation Superposition Principle of Coulomb’s Law Limitations Applications Examples and Practice Problems Suppose two point charges are separated by a certain distance....
Among all, the law of independent assortment was discovered while performing dihybrid crosses between the pea plants. What is a Dihybrid Cross How to Set Up Dihybrid Cross Examples of Dihybrid Cross What is a Dihybrid Test Cross Monohybrid Cross vs. Dihybrid Cross Here, the individuals are homozygous for a particular trait. One parent contains homozygous dominant alleles, while the other contains homozygous recessive alleles. The offspring, or F1 generation, formed after crossing the two parents is heterozygous for the specific traits being studied....
Out of the two sperm cells, one fertilizes the egg cell to produce a zygote, and the remaining one fuses with two polar nuclei producing endosperm. It is thus a part of the sexual reproductive process in such plants. Since two fertilization events coincide, it is called double fertilization. The Process of Double Fertilization in Angiosperms What does Double Fertilization Produce Importance of Double Fertilization Steps Diploid zygotePrimary Endosperm Nucleus...
A full wave rectifier differs from a half wave rectifier in that the latter rectifies the AC signal only during the positive half and shuts down during the negative half. Operation of a Full Wave Rectifier Output Characteristics of a Full Wave Rectifier Performance Metrics Applications of Full Wave Rectifier Advantages and Disadvantages of Full Wave Rectifier Center-Tapped Rectifier A center-tapped rectifier is the most common type of full wave rectifier and best describes its general operations....
In a grassland food chain, the grass is the producer. It produces food using the sun’s energy. The primary consumers follow the producers. Insects like grasshoppers are primary grasslands consumers as they depend on the green plant for their food (herbivores). Occasionally, primary consumers are omnivores as well, such as aardvarks. The frog (carnivores) eats the insects, the secondary consumers in this food chain. In temperate grassland, the prairie dog is also a secondary consumer....
Formula Unit Examples Applications Luminance vs. Illuminance Where: – ∅ is luminous flux (in lumens or lm) – A is the surface area (in square meters or m²). This formula elucidates how the amount of light energy falling onto a surface is distributed over the given area, quantifying the intensity of light that the surface receives. 1 lx = 1 lm/m² CGS system: Illuminance is measured in the unit known as phot, which is equivalent to 10,000 lux....
Some common amino acids phosphorylated are tyrosine, serine, and threonine in eukaryotes and also histidine in prokaryotes. Recently, other amino acids such as arginine, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and cysteine are also phosphorylated in humans. Protein phosphorylation was first accounted for in 1906 by Phoebus Levene in phosphorylated vitellin. However, almost 50 years later, phosphorylation by protein kinases was discovered. Examples of Protein Phosphorylation How do Protein Kinases Phosphorylate What Roles Can Phosphorylation Play in Protein Function The catalytic domain of protein kinase has one N- and a C-terminal subdomain, connected by a peptide strand, forming an active site with a front catalytic pocket and a back pocket....
What Happens During Radioactive Decay Types of Radioactive Decay Radioactive Decay Equation Applications of Radioactive Decay The radioactive decay formula is expressed as: N(t) = N₀ × e-λt Where: N(t) is the number of radioactive atoms remaining at time tN₀ is the initial number of radioactive atomse is the base of the natural logarithm (approximately 2.718)λ is the decay constant, which is a characteristic of the particular radioactive isotopet is the time elapsed...
A reflex arc is a pathway that a nerve impulse follows during a reflex action. Reflex arcs are highly beneficial in situations that require a quick response and do not involve conscious thought. A typical example of a reflex action is the patellar reflex (‘knee jerk’ response), which occurs when the patellar tendon is tapped. It is commonly employed to determine the presence of spinal lesions. Components and Steps of a Reflex Arc Types of Reflex Arc 1....
The term ‘spore’ comes from the Greek word for seed. When does Sporulation Occur Sporulation Process Compared to vegetative cells, spores are multilayered structures that are dormant from the inside. Like an actively dividing cell, spores contain the genetic material, ribosomes, enzymes, and some acids that allow the spore to survive and germinate once favorable environmental conditions return. Sporulation in Bacteria The process of sporulation is most widely studied in bacteria....
Examples of Spring Force Spring Force Equation: How to Find the Spring Force How to Calculate Spring Force PendulumRubber bandBungee cordKeys in a PC keyboardTrampolineBrakes, clutches, and shock absorbersWatches and toysPogo stickSpring balance F ∝ x Spring Force Formula: F = -kx Unit of Spring Force: Newton or N Here, k is known as the force constant. The negative sign is because the force is opposite to the displacement, that is, the force displaces the spring from its equilibrium position....
Rainforest is home to diverse plants and animal species. They are home to almost 150 species of butterflies, 125 species of mammals, 100 species of reptiles, 1500 species of unique flowering plants, 60 amphibian species, and almost 400 bird species. Tropical Rainforest Food Chain Examples Decomposers Competition and Interdependence within the Rainforest Producers These organisms are found at the bottom of the food chain. With over 40,000 plant species in the tropical rainforest, this trophic level is the most diverse and extensive food chain....
The Discovery of the Kingdom Achaea Taxonomy and the Domain ‘Archaea’ with Examples Characteristics of Archaea Archaea and Human Diseases This disparity led to the ‘Five-kingdom classification’ system developed by Robert Whittaker in the 1960s, which could classify all living organisms. At the elementary level, there were five kingdoms – Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Of these, only the kingdom Monera was found to be inhabited by prokaryotic organisms, and the other four were eukaryotic kingdoms....
